1
00:01:20,960 --> 00:01:23,630

ever since even the fourth century BC

2
00:01:23,630 --> 00:01:23,640
ever since even the fourth century BC
 

3
00:01:23,640 --> 00:01:26,480
ever since even the fourth century BC
and beyond I imagine there's been an

4
00:01:26,480 --> 00:01:26,490
and beyond I imagine there's been an
 

5
00:01:26,490 --> 00:01:27,800
and beyond I imagine there's been an
interest in the possibility of life

6
00:01:27,800 --> 00:01:27,810
interest in the possibility of life
 

7
00:01:27,810 --> 00:01:29,899
interest in the possibility of life
elsewhere and the Greek philosopher

8
00:01:29,899 --> 00:01:29,909
elsewhere and the Greek philosopher
 

9
00:01:29,909 --> 00:01:31,910
elsewhere and the Greek philosopher
metrodorus of Chios was very much

10
00:01:31,910 --> 00:01:31,920
metrodorus of Chios was very much
 

11
00:01:31,920 --> 00:01:34,040
metrodorus of Chios was very much
interested and thought that it would be

12
00:01:34,040 --> 00:01:34,050
interested and thought that it would be
 

13
00:01:34,050 --> 00:01:36,890
interested and thought that it would be
very foolish to think that with all the

14
00:01:36,890 --> 00:01:36,900
very foolish to think that with all the
 

15
00:01:36,900 --> 00:01:38,930
very foolish to think that with all the
many possible worlds in the universe

16
00:01:38,930 --> 00:01:38,940
many possible worlds in the universe
 

17
00:01:38,940 --> 00:01:41,480
many possible worlds in the universe
that there would be only life on this

18
00:01:41,480 --> 00:01:41,490
that there would be only life on this
 

19
00:01:41,490 --> 00:01:45,590
that there would be only life on this
planet Lucretia Slater on 1st century BC

20
00:01:45,590 --> 00:01:45,600
planet Lucretia Slater on 1st century BC
 

21
00:01:45,600 --> 00:01:48,170
planet Lucretia Slater on 1st century BC
yet was of a similar opinion it was only

22
00:01:48,170 --> 00:01:48,180
yet was of a similar opinion it was only
 

23
00:01:48,180 --> 00:01:52,370
yet was of a similar opinion it was only
with the rise of Ptolemaic understanding

24
00:01:52,370 --> 00:01:52,380
with the rise of Ptolemaic understanding
 

25
00:01:52,380 --> 00:01:54,680
with the rise of Ptolemaic understanding
of the universe that people started to

26
00:01:54,680 --> 00:01:54,690
of the universe that people started to
 

27
00:01:54,690 --> 00:01:56,150
of the universe that people started to
think of the universe it's earth

28
00:01:56,150 --> 00:01:56,160
think of the universe it's earth
 

29
00:01:56,160 --> 00:01:58,150
think of the universe it's earth
centered and that was a later on

30
00:01:58,150 --> 00:01:58,160
centered and that was a later on
 

31
00:01:58,160 --> 00:02:01,070
centered and that was a later on
phenomena and not necessarily prevalent

32
00:02:01,070 --> 00:02:01,080
phenomena and not necessarily prevalent
 

33
00:02:01,080 --> 00:02:04,190
phenomena and not necessarily prevalent
in early Greece as a result though of

34
00:02:04,190 --> 00:02:04,200
in early Greece as a result though of
 

35
00:02:04,200 --> 00:02:06,830
in early Greece as a result though of
Ptolemies ideas in the Dark Ages in

36
00:02:06,830 --> 00:02:06,840
Ptolemies ideas in the Dark Ages in
 

37
00:02:06,840 --> 00:02:09,199
Ptolemies ideas in the Dark Ages in
Western civilization it was considered

38
00:02:09,199 --> 00:02:09,209
Western civilization it was considered
 

39
00:02:09,209 --> 00:02:10,729
Western civilization it was considered
that earth was the center of the

40
00:02:10,729 --> 00:02:10,739
that earth was the center of the
 

41
00:02:10,739 --> 00:02:12,199
that earth was the center of the
universe and it was the only place that

42
00:02:12,199 --> 00:02:12,209
universe and it was the only place that
 

43
00:02:12,209 --> 00:02:14,270
universe and it was the only place that
life existed the later on that was

44
00:02:14,270 --> 00:02:14,280
life existed the later on that was
 

45
00:02:14,280 --> 00:02:15,740
life existed the later on that was
overturned by the ideas of Copernicus

46
00:02:15,740 --> 00:02:15,750
overturned by the ideas of Copernicus
 

47
00:02:15,750 --> 00:02:19,100
overturned by the ideas of Copernicus
and Kepler and those that followed since

48
00:02:19,100 --> 00:02:19,110
and Kepler and those that followed since
 

49
00:02:19,110 --> 00:02:21,500
and Kepler and those that followed since
the earliest of times man has been

50
00:02:21,500 --> 00:02:21,510
the earliest of times man has been
 

51
00:02:21,510 --> 00:02:23,840
the earliest of times man has been
interested in the heavens having been

52
00:02:23,840 --> 00:02:23,850
interested in the heavens having been
 

53
00:02:23,850 --> 00:02:25,910
interested in the heavens having been
fascinated by the countless points of

54
00:02:25,910 --> 00:02:25,920
fascinated by the countless points of
 

55
00:02:25,920 --> 00:02:27,890
fascinated by the countless points of
light that sparkled in the darkness of

56
00:02:27,890 --> 00:02:27,900
light that sparkled in the darkness of
 

57
00:02:27,900 --> 00:02:30,590
light that sparkled in the darkness of
the evening skies one of these had a

58
00:02:30,590 --> 00:02:30,600
the evening skies one of these had a
 

59
00:02:30,600 --> 00:02:31,880
the evening skies one of these had a
reddish hue to it

60
00:02:31,880 --> 00:02:31,890
reddish hue to it
 

61
00:02:31,890 --> 00:02:34,370
reddish hue to it
and was known by several names depending

62
00:02:34,370 --> 00:02:34,380
and was known by several names depending
 

63
00:02:34,380 --> 00:02:37,250
and was known by several names depending
on where one was many of the ancients

64
00:02:37,250 --> 00:02:37,260
on where one was many of the ancients
 

65
00:02:37,260 --> 00:02:39,199
on where one was many of the ancients
named the planet we call Mars after

66
00:02:39,199 --> 00:02:39,209
named the planet we call Mars after
 

67
00:02:39,209 --> 00:02:41,330
named the planet we call Mars after
their God of War due to the planets

68
00:02:41,330 --> 00:02:41,340
their God of War due to the planets
 

69
00:02:41,340 --> 00:02:43,880
their God of War due to the planets
reddish hue which reminded them of blood

70
00:02:43,880 --> 00:02:43,890
reddish hue which reminded them of blood
 

71
00:02:43,890 --> 00:02:47,090
reddish hue which reminded them of blood
in fact the nickname the red planet

72
00:02:47,090 --> 00:02:47,100
in fact the nickname the red planet
 

73
00:02:47,100 --> 00:02:49,670
in fact the nickname the red planet
comes from this as does the notion that

74
00:02:49,670 --> 00:02:49,680
comes from this as does the notion that
 

75
00:02:49,680 --> 00:03:19,060
comes from this as does the notion that
possible Martians would be warrior like

76
00:03:19,060 --> 00:03:19,070

 

77
00:03:19,070 --> 00:03:21,590

with Galileo's invention of the

78
00:03:21,590 --> 00:03:21,600
with Galileo's invention of the
 

79
00:03:21,600 --> 00:03:25,070
with Galileo's invention of the
telescope in 1609 the first clear look

80
00:03:25,070 --> 00:03:25,080
telescope in 1609 the first clear look
 

81
00:03:25,080 --> 00:03:26,900
telescope in 1609 the first clear look
at this the fourth planet became

82
00:03:26,900 --> 00:03:26,910
at this the fourth planet became
 

83
00:03:26,910 --> 00:03:30,050
at this the fourth planet became
possible early astronomers believed that

84
00:03:30,050 --> 00:03:30,060
possible early astronomers believed that
 

85
00:03:30,060 --> 00:03:31,730
possible early astronomers believed that
the Martian surface was similar to

86
00:03:31,730 --> 00:03:31,740
the Martian surface was similar to
 

87
00:03:31,740 --> 00:03:35,180
the Martian surface was similar to
Earth's the first telescopic drawings of

88
00:03:35,180 --> 00:03:35,190
Earth's the first telescopic drawings of
 

89
00:03:35,190 --> 00:03:37,460
Earth's the first telescopic drawings of
Mars showing distinct changes in surface

90
00:03:37,460 --> 00:03:37,470
Mars showing distinct changes in surface
 

91
00:03:37,470 --> 00:03:39,350
Mars showing distinct changes in surface
appearance were made by Christian

92
00:03:39,350 --> 00:03:39,360
appearance were made by Christian
 

93
00:03:39,360 --> 00:03:43,010
appearance were made by Christian
Huygens in 1659 he observed that the

94
00:03:43,010 --> 00:03:43,020
Huygens in 1659 he observed that the
 

95
00:03:43,020 --> 00:03:45,980
Huygens in 1659 he observed that the
Martian polar icecap seemed to wax and

96
00:03:45,980 --> 00:03:45,990
Martian polar icecap seemed to wax and
 

97
00:03:45,990 --> 00:03:48,470
Martian polar icecap seemed to wax and
wane and dark patches seemed to appear

98
00:03:48,470 --> 00:03:48,480
wane and dark patches seemed to appear
 

99
00:03:48,480 --> 00:03:51,080
wane and dark patches seemed to appear
on the surface of Mars these

100
00:03:51,080 --> 00:03:51,090
on the surface of Mars these
 

101
00:03:51,090 --> 00:03:53,270
on the surface of Mars these
observations led to the idea that Mars

102
00:03:53,270 --> 00:03:53,280
observations led to the idea that Mars
 

103
00:03:53,280 --> 00:03:55,910
observations led to the idea that Mars
was indeed a habitable world similar to

104
00:03:55,910 --> 00:03:55,920
was indeed a habitable world similar to
 

105
00:03:55,920 --> 00:04:10,760
was indeed a habitable world similar to
our own it had a time of day was very

106
00:04:10,760 --> 00:04:10,770
our own it had a time of day was very
 

107
00:04:10,770 --> 00:04:12,980
our own it had a time of day was very
similar to the earth and so people

108
00:04:12,980 --> 00:04:12,990
similar to the earth and so people
 

109
00:04:12,990 --> 00:04:16,840
similar to the earth and so people
imagined it to be like this and so they

110
00:04:16,840 --> 00:04:16,850
imagined it to be like this and so they
 

111
00:04:16,850 --> 00:04:29,270
imagined it to be like this and so they
and this the prospect reinforced by

112
00:04:29,270 --> 00:04:29,280
and this the prospect reinforced by
 

113
00:04:29,280 --> 00:04:49,940
and this the prospect reinforced by
these observations however in 1877 an

114
00:04:49,940 --> 00:04:49,950
these observations however in 1877 an
 

115
00:04:49,950 --> 00:04:53,080
these observations however in 1877 an
Italian astronomer Giovanni Schiaparelli

116
00:04:53,080 --> 00:04:53,090
Italian astronomer Giovanni Schiaparelli
 

117
00:04:53,090 --> 00:04:55,310
Italian astronomer Giovanni Schiaparelli
observed lines on the Martian surface

118
00:04:55,310 --> 00:04:55,320
observed lines on the Martian surface
 

119
00:04:55,320 --> 00:04:58,610
observed lines on the Martian surface
and called them Canali the English

120
00:04:58,610 --> 00:04:58,620
and called them Canali the English
 

121
00:04:58,620 --> 00:05:01,370
and called them Canali the English
translation of Canali is channels or

122
00:05:01,370 --> 00:05:01,380
translation of Canali is channels or
 

123
00:05:01,380 --> 00:05:04,190
translation of Canali is channels or
grooves these channels were mistakenly

124
00:05:04,190 --> 00:05:04,200
grooves these channels were mistakenly
 

125
00:05:04,200 --> 00:05:06,560
grooves these channels were mistakenly
called canals in English and the name

126
00:05:06,560 --> 00:05:06,570
called canals in English and the name
 

127
00:05:06,570 --> 00:05:10,100
called canals in English and the name
stuck of course canals would infer that

128
00:05:10,100 --> 00:05:10,110
stuck of course canals would infer that
 

129
00:05:10,110 --> 00:05:12,170
stuck of course canals would infer that
some type of intelligent life form on

130
00:05:12,170 --> 00:05:12,180
some type of intelligent life form on
 

131
00:05:12,180 --> 00:05:14,060
some type of intelligent life form on
Mars was capable of building these

132
00:05:14,060 --> 00:05:14,070
Mars was capable of building these
 

133
00:05:14,070 --> 00:05:15,360
Mars was capable of building these
structures

134
00:05:15,360 --> 00:05:15,370
structures
 

135
00:05:15,370 --> 00:05:20,050
structures
in 1879 caparelli reported seeing double

136
00:05:20,050 --> 00:05:20,060
in 1879 caparelli reported seeing double
 

137
00:05:20,060 --> 00:05:22,780
in 1879 caparelli reported seeing double
lines of Canali he came to believe that

138
00:05:22,780 --> 00:05:22,790
lines of Canali he came to believe that
 

139
00:05:22,790 --> 00:05:25,180
lines of Canali he came to believe that
these finale were rivers on the surface

140
00:05:25,180 --> 00:05:25,190
these finale were rivers on the surface
 

141
00:05:25,190 --> 00:05:28,540
these finale were rivers on the surface
of Mars a natural phenomenon others

142
00:05:28,540 --> 00:05:28,550
of Mars a natural phenomenon others
 

143
00:05:28,550 --> 00:05:30,430
of Mars a natural phenomenon others
continue to think that the Canali were

144
00:05:30,430 --> 00:05:30,440
continue to think that the Canali were
 

145
00:05:30,440 --> 00:05:33,340
continue to think that the Canali were
artificial that is to say constructed by

146
00:05:33,340 --> 00:05:33,350
artificial that is to say constructed by
 

147
00:05:33,350 --> 00:05:36,700
artificial that is to say constructed by
some life-form later on shepper le the

148
00:05:36,700 --> 00:05:36,710
some life-form later on shepper le the
 

149
00:05:36,710 --> 00:05:39,760
some life-form later on shepper le the
Italian astronomer made observations of

150
00:05:39,760 --> 00:05:39,770
Italian astronomer made observations of
 

151
00:05:39,770 --> 00:05:42,820
Italian astronomer made observations of
Mars and in trying to make sense out of

152
00:05:42,820 --> 00:05:42,830
Mars and in trying to make sense out of
 

153
00:05:42,830 --> 00:05:45,700
Mars and in trying to make sense out of
the visual image he saw of Mars on one

154
00:05:45,700 --> 00:05:45,710
the visual image he saw of Mars on one
 

155
00:05:45,710 --> 00:05:50,170
the visual image he saw of Mars on one
of the closer opposition's the word

156
00:05:50,170 --> 00:05:50,180
of the closer opposition's the word
 

157
00:05:50,180 --> 00:05:52,120
of the closer opposition's the word
Canali came into use because he thought

158
00:05:52,120 --> 00:05:52,130
Canali came into use because he thought
 

159
00:05:52,130 --> 00:05:53,800
Canali came into use because he thought
he saw straight lines on the surface

160
00:05:53,800 --> 00:05:53,810
he saw straight lines on the surface
 

161
00:05:53,810 --> 00:05:56,890
he saw straight lines on the surface
this was seized upon by Percival Lowell

162
00:05:56,890 --> 00:05:56,900
this was seized upon by Percival Lowell
 

163
00:05:56,900 --> 00:06:01,060
this was seized upon by Percival Lowell
and he wrote a book in the 1890s that

164
00:06:01,060 --> 00:06:01,070
and he wrote a book in the 1890s that
 

165
00:06:01,070 --> 00:06:04,390
and he wrote a book in the 1890s that
described the possibility of a Mars that

166
00:06:04,390 --> 00:06:04,400
described the possibility of a Mars that
 

167
00:06:04,400 --> 00:06:07,780
described the possibility of a Mars that
would have intelligent life water but a

168
00:06:07,780 --> 00:06:07,790
would have intelligent life water but a
 

169
00:06:07,790 --> 00:06:09,790
would have intelligent life water but a
dry planet in general so I need to get

170
00:06:09,790 --> 00:06:09,800
dry planet in general so I need to get
 

171
00:06:09,800 --> 00:06:14,970
dry planet in general so I need to get
the water down to the presumably more

172
00:06:14,970 --> 00:06:14,980
the water down to the presumably more
 

173
00:06:14,980 --> 00:06:17,410
the water down to the presumably more
agriculturally inclined central parts of

174
00:06:17,410 --> 00:06:17,420
agriculturally inclined central parts of
 

175
00:06:17,420 --> 00:06:19,540
agriculturally inclined central parts of
the planet first of all while will

176
00:06:19,540 --> 00:06:19,550
the planet first of all while will
 

177
00:06:19,550 --> 00:06:21,670
the planet first of all while will
maintain this interest in a living and

178
00:06:21,670 --> 00:06:21,680
maintain this interest in a living and
 

179
00:06:21,680 --> 00:06:24,700
maintain this interest in a living and
civilized Mars until his death in 1916

180
00:06:24,700 --> 00:06:24,710
civilized Mars until his death in 1916
 

181
00:06:24,710 --> 00:06:26,710
civilized Mars until his death in 1916
and of course his ideas were seized upon

182
00:06:26,710 --> 00:06:26,720
and of course his ideas were seized upon
 

183
00:06:26,720 --> 00:06:28,450
and of course his ideas were seized upon
and made popular for a lot of us by

184
00:06:28,450 --> 00:06:28,460
and made popular for a lot of us by
 

185
00:06:28,460 --> 00:06:30,700
and made popular for a lot of us by
Edgar Rice Burroughs who's Barsoom

186
00:06:30,700 --> 00:06:30,710
Edgar Rice Burroughs who's Barsoom
 

187
00:06:30,710 --> 00:06:33,490
Edgar Rice Burroughs who's Barsoom
series that was fascinating and a lot of

188
00:06:33,490 --> 00:06:33,500
series that was fascinating and a lot of
 

189
00:06:33,500 --> 00:06:35,950
series that was fascinating and a lot of
fun in a potboiler sort of way

190
00:06:35,950 --> 00:06:35,960
fun in a potboiler sort of way
 

191
00:06:35,960 --> 00:06:40,120
fun in a potboiler sort of way
and I got people's imaginations turned

192
00:06:40,120 --> 00:06:40,130
and I got people's imaginations turned
 

193
00:06:40,130 --> 00:06:42,070
and I got people's imaginations turned
up about the ideas of civilizations on

194
00:06:42,070 --> 00:06:42,080
up about the ideas of civilizations on
 

195
00:06:42,080 --> 00:06:45,220
up about the ideas of civilizations on
Mars dying civilizations and recurrent

196
00:06:45,220 --> 00:06:45,230
Mars dying civilizations and recurrent
 

197
00:06:45,230 --> 00:06:46,780
Mars dying civilizations and recurrent
civilizations and I think that a lot of

198
00:06:46,780 --> 00:06:46,790
civilizations and I think that a lot of
 

199
00:06:46,790 --> 00:06:48,550
civilizations and I think that a lot of
that stayed in the public mind certainly

200
00:06:48,550 --> 00:06:48,560
that stayed in the public mind certainly
 

201
00:06:48,560 --> 00:06:50,280
that stayed in the public mind certainly
was something that I found of interest

202
00:06:50,280 --> 00:06:50,290
was something that I found of interest
 

203
00:06:50,290 --> 00:06:53,140
was something that I found of interest
later on we found that Mars was a much

204
00:06:53,140 --> 00:06:53,150
later on we found that Mars was a much
 

205
00:06:53,150 --> 00:06:54,790
later on we found that Mars was a much
different place than chaparral II and

206
00:06:54,790 --> 00:06:54,800
different place than chaparral II and
 

207
00:06:54,800 --> 00:06:57,610
different place than chaparral II and
Percival Lowell had imagined the

208
00:06:57,610 --> 00:06:57,620
Percival Lowell had imagined the
 

209
00:06:57,620 --> 00:06:59,950
Percival Lowell had imagined the
American astronomer Percival Lowell was

210
00:06:59,950 --> 00:06:59,960
American astronomer Percival Lowell was
 

211
00:06:59,960 --> 00:07:02,170
American astronomer Percival Lowell was
another who saw the Canali and believed

212
00:07:02,170 --> 00:07:02,180
another who saw the Canali and believed
 

213
00:07:02,180 --> 00:07:04,870
another who saw the Canali and believed
them to be artificially created he made

214
00:07:04,870 --> 00:07:04,880
them to be artificially created he made
 

215
00:07:04,880 --> 00:07:06,790
them to be artificially created he made
his observations with a variety of

216
00:07:06,790 --> 00:07:06,800
his observations with a variety of
 

217
00:07:06,800 --> 00:07:08,650
his observations with a variety of
telescopes in different parts of the

218
00:07:08,650 --> 00:07:08,660
telescopes in different parts of the
 

219
00:07:08,660 --> 00:07:12,610
telescopes in different parts of the
world starting in 1896 Lowell wrote the

220
00:07:12,610 --> 00:07:12,620
world starting in 1896 Lowell wrote the
 

221
00:07:12,620 --> 00:07:14,790
world starting in 1896 Lowell wrote the
first of his three books about Mars

222
00:07:14,790 --> 00:07:14,800
first of his three books about Mars
 

223
00:07:14,800 --> 00:07:16,990
first of his three books about Mars
there's been a long-standing interest

224
00:07:16,990 --> 00:07:17,000
there's been a long-standing interest
 

225
00:07:17,000 --> 00:07:19,780
there's been a long-standing interest
with Mars and with life on Mars and I

226
00:07:19,780 --> 00:07:19,790
with Mars and with life on Mars and I
 

227
00:07:19,790 --> 00:07:21,940
with Mars and with life on Mars and I
think it traces back to the early

228
00:07:21,940 --> 00:07:21,950
think it traces back to the early
 

229
00:07:21,950 --> 00:07:24,280
think it traces back to the early
telescope observations when people

230
00:07:24,280 --> 00:07:24,290
telescope observations when people
 

231
00:07:24,290 --> 00:07:26,380
telescope observations when people
finally started pointing telescopes at

232
00:07:26,380 --> 00:07:26,390
finally started pointing telescopes at
 

233
00:07:26,390 --> 00:07:28,540
finally started pointing telescopes at
the planets they notice them are

234
00:07:28,540 --> 00:07:28,550
the planets they notice them are
 

235
00:07:28,550 --> 00:07:30,340
the planets they notice them are
unlike all the other planets had

236
00:07:30,340 --> 00:07:30,350
unlike all the other planets had
 

237
00:07:30,350 --> 00:07:33,130
unlike all the other planets had
distinct seasonal cycles very similar to

238
00:07:33,130 --> 00:07:33,140
distinct seasonal cycles very similar to
 

239
00:07:33,140 --> 00:07:35,620
distinct seasonal cycles very similar to
Earth's it had white polar caps which

240
00:07:35,620 --> 00:07:35,630
Earth's it had white polar caps which
 

241
00:07:35,630 --> 00:07:37,810
Earth's it had white polar caps which
shrank and grew with the seasons it had

242
00:07:37,810 --> 00:07:37,820
shrank and grew with the seasons it had
 

243
00:07:37,820 --> 00:07:39,550
shrank and grew with the seasons it had
dark spots on the surface which seemed

244
00:07:39,550 --> 00:07:39,560
dark spots on the surface which seemed
 

245
00:07:39,560 --> 00:07:41,320
dark spots on the surface which seemed
to come and go with the seasons like

246
00:07:41,320 --> 00:07:41,330
to come and go with the seasons like
 

247
00:07:41,330 --> 00:07:43,900
to come and go with the seasons like
vegetation and it was this similarity

248
00:07:43,900 --> 00:07:43,910
vegetation and it was this similarity
 

249
00:07:43,910 --> 00:07:47,590
vegetation and it was this similarity
between Earth and Mars this superficial

250
00:07:47,590 --> 00:07:47,600
between Earth and Mars this superficial
 

251
00:07:47,600 --> 00:07:50,200
between Earth and Mars this superficial
similarity but I think was the spark

252
00:07:50,200 --> 00:07:50,210
similarity but I think was the spark
 

253
00:07:50,210 --> 00:07:52,390
similarity but I think was the spark
that first started this interest in life

254
00:07:52,390 --> 00:07:52,400
that first started this interest in life
 

255
00:07:52,400 --> 00:07:54,480
that first started this interest in life
on Mars and the notion that there was

256
00:07:54,480 --> 00:07:54,490
on Mars and the notion that there was
 

257
00:07:54,490 --> 00:07:57,190
on Mars and the notion that there was
civilizations on Mars as well and then I

258
00:07:57,190 --> 00:07:57,200
civilizations on Mars as well and then I
 

259
00:07:57,200 --> 00:07:59,650
civilizations on Mars as well and then I
think all the subsequent observations in

260
00:07:59,650 --> 00:07:59,660
think all the subsequent observations in
 

261
00:07:59,660 --> 00:08:02,170
think all the subsequent observations in
some sense culminating with Percival

262
00:08:02,170 --> 00:08:02,180
some sense culminating with Percival
 

263
00:08:02,180 --> 00:08:04,930
some sense culminating with Percival
Lowell's work looking for canals on Mars

264
00:08:04,930 --> 00:08:04,940
Lowell's work looking for canals on Mars
 

265
00:08:04,940 --> 00:08:06,880
Lowell's work looking for canals on Mars
and the perception that there were

266
00:08:06,880 --> 00:08:06,890
and the perception that there were
 

267
00:08:06,890 --> 00:08:09,880
and the perception that there were
canals and that was an evidence of human

268
00:08:09,880 --> 00:08:09,890
canals and that was an evidence of human
 

269
00:08:09,890 --> 00:08:13,180
canals and that was an evidence of human
civilization like civilizations all of

270
00:08:13,180 --> 00:08:13,190
civilization like civilizations all of
 

271
00:08:13,190 --> 00:08:15,040
civilization like civilizations all of
that has tended to reinforce the notion

272
00:08:15,040 --> 00:08:15,050
that has tended to reinforce the notion
 

273
00:08:15,050 --> 00:08:16,720
that has tended to reinforce the notion
that Mars was the planet that was the

274
00:08:16,720 --> 00:08:16,730
that Mars was the planet that was the
 

275
00:08:16,730 --> 00:08:19,000
that Mars was the planet that was the
most like earth better information about

276
00:08:19,000 --> 00:08:19,010
most like earth better information about
 

277
00:08:19,010 --> 00:08:21,130
most like earth better information about
Mars and its surface came with the

278
00:08:21,130 --> 00:08:21,140
Mars and its surface came with the
 

279
00:08:21,140 --> 00:08:23,830
Mars and its surface came with the
development of new technology the first

280
00:08:23,830 --> 00:08:23,840
development of new technology the first
 

281
00:08:23,840 --> 00:08:27,100
development of new technology the first
breakthrough came in 1964 when NASA's

282
00:08:27,100 --> 00:08:27,110
breakthrough came in 1964 when NASA's
 

283
00:08:27,110 --> 00:08:29,920
breakthrough came in 1964 when NASA's
Mariner 4 spacecraft flew by Mars at a

284
00:08:29,920 --> 00:08:29,930
Mariner 4 spacecraft flew by Mars at a
 

285
00:08:29,930 --> 00:08:31,840
Mariner 4 spacecraft flew by Mars at a
distance of nine thousand eight hundred

286
00:08:31,840 --> 00:08:31,850
distance of nine thousand eight hundred
 

287
00:08:31,850 --> 00:08:35,470
distance of nine thousand eight hundred
forty-four kilometers Mariner four

288
00:08:35,470 --> 00:08:35,480
forty-four kilometers Mariner four
 

289
00:08:35,480 --> 00:08:38,590
forty-four kilometers Mariner four
returned 22 images of Mars including

290
00:08:38,590 --> 00:08:38,600
returned 22 images of Mars including
 

291
00:08:38,600 --> 00:08:40,810
returned 22 images of Mars including
some which showed impact craters on the

292
00:08:40,810 --> 00:08:40,820
some which showed impact craters on the
 

293
00:08:40,820 --> 00:08:43,150
some which showed impact craters on the
surface and caused much comment among

294
00:08:43,150 --> 00:08:43,160
surface and caused much comment among
 

295
00:08:43,160 --> 00:08:46,240
surface and caused much comment among
planetary scientists of the time the

296
00:08:46,240 --> 00:08:46,250
planetary scientists of the time the
 

297
00:08:46,250 --> 00:08:48,700
planetary scientists of the time the
images Mariner 4 returned gave us an

298
00:08:48,700 --> 00:08:48,710
images Mariner 4 returned gave us an
 

299
00:08:48,710 --> 00:08:50,920
images Mariner 4 returned gave us an
image of Mars that was totally different

300
00:08:50,920 --> 00:08:50,930
image of Mars that was totally different
 

301
00:08:50,930 --> 00:08:54,850
image of Mars that was totally different
than expected it wasn't until late 1969

302
00:08:54,850 --> 00:08:54,860
than expected it wasn't until late 1969
 

303
00:08:54,860 --> 00:08:57,790
than expected it wasn't until late 1969
with Mariner six and seven that we got a

304
00:08:57,790 --> 00:08:57,800
with Mariner six and seven that we got a
 

305
00:08:57,800 --> 00:08:59,910
with Mariner six and seven that we got a
clearer look at the martian surface

306
00:08:59,910 --> 00:08:59,920
clearer look at the martian surface
 

307
00:08:59,920 --> 00:09:02,770
clearer look at the martian surface
these two flybys gave scientists

308
00:09:02,770 --> 00:09:02,780
these two flybys gave scientists
 

309
00:09:02,780 --> 00:09:05,110
these two flybys gave scientists
hundreds of images and showed many

310
00:09:05,110 --> 00:09:05,120
hundreds of images and showed many
 

311
00:09:05,120 --> 00:09:06,940
hundreds of images and showed many
details of the surface that were once

312
00:09:06,940 --> 00:09:06,950
details of the surface that were once
 

313
00:09:06,950 --> 00:09:08,980
details of the surface that were once
again totally unexpected

314
00:09:08,980 --> 00:09:08,990
again totally unexpected
 

315
00:09:08,990 --> 00:09:12,010
again totally unexpected
the imaging showed a planet start and

316
00:09:12,010 --> 00:09:12,020
the imaging showed a planet start and
 

317
00:09:12,020 --> 00:09:14,140
the imaging showed a planet start and
lunar like in appearance with craters

318
00:09:14,140 --> 00:09:14,150
lunar like in appearance with craters
 

319
00:09:14,150 --> 00:09:17,920
lunar like in appearance with craters
and vast featureless areas also seen was

320
00:09:17,920 --> 00:09:17,930
and vast featureless areas also seen was
 

321
00:09:17,930 --> 00:09:20,500
and vast featureless areas also seen was
chaotic terrain unlike anything seen

322
00:09:20,500 --> 00:09:20,510
chaotic terrain unlike anything seen
 

323
00:09:20,510 --> 00:09:23,650
chaotic terrain unlike anything seen
here on earth or on the moon craters

324
00:09:23,650 --> 00:09:23,660
here on earth or on the moon craters
 

325
00:09:23,660 --> 00:09:27,160
here on earth or on the moon craters
ranging in size from 500 meters to 500

326
00:09:27,160 --> 00:09:27,170
ranging in size from 500 meters to 500
 

327
00:09:27,170 --> 00:09:29,560
ranging in size from 500 meters to 500
kilometers in diameter were seen after

328
00:09:29,560 --> 00:09:29,570
kilometers in diameter were seen after
 

329
00:09:29,570 --> 00:09:32,050
kilometers in diameter were seen after
we started to fly by Mars with

330
00:09:32,050 --> 00:09:32,060
we started to fly by Mars with
 

331
00:09:32,060 --> 00:09:34,210
we started to fly by Mars with
spacecraft we found that Mars was a much

332
00:09:34,210 --> 00:09:34,220
spacecraft we found that Mars was a much
 

333
00:09:34,220 --> 00:09:37,639
spacecraft we found that Mars was a much
drier place than

334
00:09:37,639 --> 00:09:37,649
drier place than
 

335
00:09:37,649 --> 00:09:40,249
drier place than
had been conceived before and also one

336
00:09:40,249 --> 00:09:40,259
had been conceived before and also one
 

337
00:09:40,259 --> 00:09:42,139
had been conceived before and also one
where a very low atmospheric pressure

338
00:09:42,139 --> 00:09:42,149
where a very low atmospheric pressure
 

339
00:09:42,149 --> 00:09:44,869
where a very low atmospheric pressure
less than 1% of that of the year total

340
00:09:44,869 --> 00:09:44,879
less than 1% of that of the year total
 

341
00:09:44,879 --> 00:09:47,030
less than 1% of that of the year total
surface area of Mars is approximately

342
00:09:47,030 --> 00:09:47,040
surface area of Mars is approximately
 

343
00:09:47,040 --> 00:09:49,730
surface area of Mars is approximately
that of the earth dry land surface so

344
00:09:49,730 --> 00:09:49,740
that of the earth dry land surface so
 

345
00:09:49,740 --> 00:09:51,769
that of the earth dry land surface so
it's a fairly large planet in terms of

346
00:09:51,769 --> 00:09:51,779
it's a fairly large planet in terms of
 

347
00:09:51,779 --> 00:09:55,579
it's a fairly large planet in terms of
possibilities and as a separate world

348
00:09:55,579 --> 00:09:55,589
possibilities and as a separate world
 

349
00:09:55,589 --> 00:09:57,439
possibilities and as a separate world
anything you say about any particular

350
00:09:57,439 --> 00:09:57,449
anything you say about any particular
 

351
00:09:57,449 --> 00:10:01,009
anything you say about any particular
place on Mars may not pertain everywhere

352
00:10:01,009 --> 00:10:01,019
place on Mars may not pertain everywhere
 

353
00:10:01,019 --> 00:10:03,919
place on Mars may not pertain everywhere
on Mars 1/4 Mariner mission Mariner 9

354
00:10:03,919 --> 00:10:03,929
on Mars 1/4 Mariner mission Mariner 9
 

355
00:10:03,929 --> 00:10:06,549
on Mars 1/4 Mariner mission Mariner 9
was successfully launched on May 30th

356
00:10:06,549 --> 00:10:06,559
was successfully launched on May 30th
 

357
00:10:06,559 --> 00:10:10,489
was successfully launched on May 30th
1971 the spacecraft was inserted into

358
00:10:10,489 --> 00:10:10,499
1971 the spacecraft was inserted into
 

359
00:10:10,499 --> 00:10:13,759
1971 the spacecraft was inserted into
Mars orbit in November of 1971 and

360
00:10:13,759 --> 00:10:13,769
Mars orbit in November of 1971 and
 

361
00:10:13,769 --> 00:10:17,329
Mars orbit in November of 1971 and
functioned for 349 days returning almost

362
00:10:17,329 --> 00:10:17,339
functioned for 349 days returning almost
 

363
00:10:17,339 --> 00:10:21,679
functioned for 349 days returning almost
7,000 images what Mariner 9 first

364
00:10:21,679 --> 00:10:21,689
7,000 images what Mariner 9 first
 

365
00:10:21,689 --> 00:10:24,889
7,000 images what Mariner 9 first
reached Mars an intense dust storm had

366
00:10:24,889 --> 00:10:24,899
reached Mars an intense dust storm had
 

367
00:10:24,899 --> 00:10:27,559
reached Mars an intense dust storm had
obscured most of the Martian surface so

368
00:10:27,559 --> 00:10:27,569
obscured most of the Martian surface so
 

369
00:10:27,569 --> 00:10:29,540
obscured most of the Martian surface so
scientists used the opportunity to study

370
00:10:29,540 --> 00:10:29,550
scientists used the opportunity to study
 

371
00:10:29,550 --> 00:10:33,069
scientists used the opportunity to study
the Martian moons Deimos and Phobos

372
00:10:33,069 --> 00:10:33,079
the Martian moons Deimos and Phobos
 

373
00:10:33,079 --> 00:10:36,949
the Martian moons Deimos and Phobos
Mariner 9 eventually mapped over 85% of

374
00:10:36,949 --> 00:10:36,959
Mariner 9 eventually mapped over 85% of
 

375
00:10:36,959 --> 00:10:39,139
Mariner 9 eventually mapped over 85% of
the Martian surface with images having a

376
00:10:39,139 --> 00:10:39,149
the Martian surface with images having a
 

377
00:10:39,149 --> 00:10:40,910
the Martian surface with images having a
resolution of approximately one

378
00:10:40,910 --> 00:10:40,920
resolution of approximately one
 

379
00:10:40,920 --> 00:10:43,910
resolution of approximately one
kilometer imaging returned from this

380
00:10:43,910 --> 00:10:43,920
kilometer imaging returned from this
 

381
00:10:43,920 --> 00:10:46,129
kilometer imaging returned from this
mission gave scientists the first really

382
00:10:46,129 --> 00:10:46,139
mission gave scientists the first really
 

383
00:10:46,139 --> 00:10:48,639
mission gave scientists the first really
comprehensive look at the red planet

384
00:10:48,639 --> 00:10:48,649
comprehensive look at the red planet
 

385
00:10:48,649 --> 00:10:51,590
comprehensive look at the red planet
other experiments on board Mariner 9

386
00:10:51,590 --> 00:10:51,600
other experiments on board Mariner 9
 

387
00:10:51,600 --> 00:10:53,900
other experiments on board Mariner 9
told scientists that Mars was a very

388
00:10:53,900 --> 00:10:53,910
told scientists that Mars was a very
 

389
00:10:53,910 --> 00:10:56,150
told scientists that Mars was a very
cold planet and that the Martian

390
00:10:56,150 --> 00:10:56,160
cold planet and that the Martian
 

391
00:10:56,160 --> 00:10:58,610
cold planet and that the Martian
atmosphere was about 1% as dense as the

392
00:10:58,610 --> 00:10:58,620
atmosphere was about 1% as dense as the
 

393
00:10:58,620 --> 00:11:01,509
atmosphere was about 1% as dense as the
Earth's atmosphere at sea level

394
00:11:01,509 --> 00:11:01,519
Earth's atmosphere at sea level
 

395
00:11:01,519 --> 00:11:11,480
Earth's atmosphere at sea level
dramatic change came in 1971 and it just

396
00:11:11,480 --> 00:11:11,490
dramatic change came in 1971 and it just
 

397
00:11:11,490 --> 00:11:13,549
dramatic change came in 1971 and it just
revealed a fascinating place with huge

398
00:11:13,549 --> 00:11:13,559
revealed a fascinating place with huge
 

399
00:11:13,559 --> 00:11:17,269
revealed a fascinating place with huge
volcanoes vast canyons enormous dry

400
00:11:17,269 --> 00:11:17,279
volcanoes vast canyons enormous dry
 

401
00:11:17,279 --> 00:11:21,980
volcanoes vast canyons enormous dry
riverbeds sand dunes just an incredibly

402
00:11:21,980 --> 00:11:21,990
riverbeds sand dunes just an incredibly
 

403
00:11:21,990 --> 00:11:25,579
riverbeds sand dunes just an incredibly
very variable planet and particularly

404
00:11:25,579 --> 00:11:25,589
very variable planet and particularly
 

405
00:11:25,589 --> 00:11:28,280
very variable planet and particularly
fascinated with all these indications

406
00:11:28,280 --> 00:11:28,290
fascinated with all these indications
 

407
00:11:28,290 --> 00:11:30,439
fascinated with all these indications
that water had flowed across the surface

408
00:11:30,439 --> 00:11:30,449
that water had flowed across the surface
 

409
00:11:30,449 --> 00:11:33,470
that water had flowed across the surface
and some of that some of the features

410
00:11:33,470 --> 00:11:33,480
and some of that some of the features
 

411
00:11:33,480 --> 00:11:35,710
and some of that some of the features
really quite startling because they were

412
00:11:35,710 --> 00:11:35,720
really quite startling because they were
 

413
00:11:35,720 --> 00:11:39,499
really quite startling because they were
not dry riverbeds suggestive of large

414
00:11:39,499 --> 00:11:39,509
not dry riverbeds suggestive of large
 

415
00:11:39,509 --> 00:11:41,960
not dry riverbeds suggestive of large
floods and these floods were an enormous

416
00:11:41,960 --> 00:11:41,970
floods and these floods were an enormous
 

417
00:11:41,970 --> 00:11:46,009
floods and these floods were an enormous
magnitude they would have had discharges

418
00:11:46,009 --> 00:11:46,019
magnitude they would have had discharges
 

419
00:11:46,019 --> 00:11:48,290
magnitude they would have had discharges
a hundred times a dischargeable present

420
00:11:48,290 --> 00:11:48,300
a hundred times a dischargeable present
 

421
00:11:48,300 --> 00:11:50,679
a hundred times a dischargeable present
Mississippi was just lasted a short time

422
00:11:50,679 --> 00:11:50,689
Mississippi was just lasted a short time
 

423
00:11:50,689 --> 00:11:55,189
Mississippi was just lasted a short time
but as a consequence people began to

424
00:11:55,189 --> 00:11:55,199
but as a consequence people began to
 

425
00:11:55,199 --> 00:12:07,460
but as a consequence people began to
rethink how many other features on Mars

426
00:12:07,460 --> 00:12:07,470
rethink how many other features on Mars
 

427
00:12:07,470 --> 00:12:10,249
rethink how many other features on Mars
were seen for the first time in addition

428
00:12:10,249 --> 00:12:10,259
were seen for the first time in addition
 

429
00:12:10,259 --> 00:12:12,919
were seen for the first time in addition
to Olympus Mars one of the largest known

430
00:12:12,919 --> 00:12:12,929
to Olympus Mars one of the largest known
 

431
00:12:12,929 --> 00:12:15,499
to Olympus Mars one of the largest known
volcanoes in the solar system there were

432
00:12:15,499 --> 00:12:15,509
volcanoes in the solar system there were
 

433
00:12:15,509 --> 00:12:17,929
volcanoes in the solar system there were
vast valleys on the surface of Mars as

434
00:12:17,929 --> 00:12:17,939
vast valleys on the surface of Mars as
 

435
00:12:17,939 --> 00:12:20,329
vast valleys on the surface of Mars as
well as canyons one of which is much

436
00:12:20,329 --> 00:12:20,339
well as canyons one of which is much
 

437
00:12:20,339 --> 00:12:22,160
well as canyons one of which is much
longer and deeper than the Grand Canyon

438
00:12:22,160 --> 00:12:22,170
longer and deeper than the Grand Canyon
 

439
00:12:22,170 --> 00:12:25,369
longer and deeper than the Grand Canyon
in the United States this Martian of

440
00:12:25,369 --> 00:12:25,379
in the United States this Martian of
 

441
00:12:25,379 --> 00:12:28,429
in the United States this Martian of
this Valles Marineris extends over two

442
00:12:28,429 --> 00:12:28,439
this Valles Marineris extends over two
 

443
00:12:28,439 --> 00:12:31,879
this Valles Marineris extends over two
thousand kilometres other formations and

444
00:12:31,879 --> 00:12:31,889
thousand kilometres other formations and
 

445
00:12:31,889 --> 00:12:33,619
thousand kilometres other formations and
deposits seem to indicate that the

446
00:12:33,619 --> 00:12:33,629
deposits seem to indicate that the
 

447
00:12:33,629 --> 00:12:35,929
deposits seem to indicate that the
long-ago and Martian history there were

448
00:12:35,929 --> 00:12:35,939
long-ago and Martian history there were
 

449
00:12:35,939 --> 00:12:37,999
long-ago and Martian history there were
large amounts of water present on the

450
00:12:37,999 --> 00:12:38,009
large amounts of water present on the
 

451
00:12:38,009 --> 00:12:42,439
large amounts of water present on the
surface of Mars Mars was still an enigma

452
00:12:42,439 --> 00:12:42,449
surface of Mars Mars was still an enigma
 

453
00:12:42,449 --> 00:12:44,569
surface of Mars Mars was still an enigma
to scientists and researchers after

454
00:12:44,569 --> 00:12:44,579
to scientists and researchers after
 

455
00:12:44,579 --> 00:12:47,629
to scientists and researchers after
Mariner 9 they wanted and needed to know

456
00:12:47,629 --> 00:12:47,639
Mariner 9 they wanted and needed to know
 

457
00:12:47,639 --> 00:12:50,480
Mariner 9 they wanted and needed to know
much more about Mars specifically

458
00:12:50,480 --> 00:12:50,490
much more about Mars specifically
 

459
00:12:50,490 --> 00:12:52,970
much more about Mars specifically
whether or not there was or had been

460
00:12:52,970 --> 00:12:52,980
whether or not there was or had been
 

461
00:12:52,980 --> 00:12:55,970
whether or not there was or had been
life there so another unmanned mission

462
00:12:55,970 --> 00:12:55,980
life there so another unmanned mission
 

463
00:12:55,980 --> 00:13:00,169
life there so another unmanned mission
to Mars was in the works viking vikings

464
00:13:00,169 --> 00:13:00,179
to Mars was in the works viking vikings
 

465
00:13:00,179 --> 00:13:02,239
to Mars was in the works viking vikings
1 and 2 were launched from Cape Kennedy

466
00:13:02,239 --> 00:13:02,249
1 and 2 were launched from Cape Kennedy
 

467
00:13:02,249 --> 00:13:05,449
1 and 2 were launched from Cape Kennedy
in the summer of 1975 and reached Mars

468
00:13:05,449 --> 00:13:05,459
in the summer of 1975 and reached Mars
 

469
00:13:05,459 --> 00:13:08,900
in the summer of 1975 and reached Mars
in the summer of 1976 the primary

470
00:13:08,900 --> 00:13:08,910
in the summer of 1976 the primary
 

471
00:13:08,910 --> 00:13:11,179
in the summer of 1976 the primary
objectives of the spacecraft were to

472
00:13:11,179 --> 00:13:11,189
objectives of the spacecraft were to
 

473
00:13:11,189 --> 00:13:13,460
objectives of the spacecraft were to
safely land on the surface of Mars and

474
00:13:13,460 --> 00:13:13,470
safely land on the surface of Mars and
 

475
00:13:13,470 --> 00:13:15,259
safely land on the surface of Mars and
to attempt to determine if there was

476
00:13:15,259 --> 00:13:15,269
to attempt to determine if there was
 

477
00:13:15,269 --> 00:13:18,019
to attempt to determine if there was
some type of life on Mars either now or

478
00:13:18,019 --> 00:13:18,029
some type of life on Mars either now or
 

479
00:13:18,029 --> 00:13:21,319
some type of life on Mars either now or
in the past the Mariner missions did not

480
00:13:21,319 --> 00:13:21,329
in the past the Mariner missions did not
 

481
00:13:21,329 --> 00:13:23,030
in the past the Mariner missions did not
tell scientists if there was life on

482
00:13:23,030 --> 00:13:23,040
tell scientists if there was life on
 

483
00:13:23,040 --> 00:13:23,749
tell scientists if there was life on
Mars

484
00:13:23,749 --> 00:13:23,759
Mars
 

485
00:13:23,759 --> 00:13:26,210
Mars
and in the end Viking did not

486
00:13:26,210 --> 00:13:26,220
and in the end Viking did not
 

487
00:13:26,220 --> 00:13:28,780
and in the end Viking did not
conclusively answer this question either

488
00:13:28,780 --> 00:13:28,790
conclusively answer this question either
 

489
00:13:28,790 --> 00:13:32,059
conclusively answer this question either
the Viking spacecraft each consisted of

490
00:13:32,059 --> 00:13:32,069
the Viking spacecraft each consisted of
 

491
00:13:32,069 --> 00:13:34,909
the Viking spacecraft each consisted of
two separate spacecraft there was an

492
00:13:34,909 --> 00:13:34,919
two separate spacecraft there was an
 

493
00:13:34,919 --> 00:13:36,889
two separate spacecraft there was an
instrumented orbiter section which

494
00:13:36,889 --> 00:13:36,899
instrumented orbiter section which
 

495
00:13:36,899 --> 00:13:39,230
instrumented orbiter section which
remained in orbit above Mars taking

496
00:13:39,230 --> 00:13:39,240
remained in orbit above Mars taking
 

497
00:13:39,240 --> 00:13:40,700
remained in orbit above Mars taking
readings and measurements

498
00:13:40,700 --> 00:13:40,710
readings and measurements
 

499
00:13:40,710 --> 00:13:43,310
readings and measurements
taking pictures and acting as a relay

500
00:13:43,310 --> 00:13:43,320
taking pictures and acting as a relay
 

501
00:13:43,320 --> 00:13:46,100
taking pictures and acting as a relay
satellite for the Viking landers these

502
00:13:46,100 --> 00:13:46,110
satellite for the Viking landers these
 

503
00:13:46,110 --> 00:13:49,400
satellite for the Viking landers these
Landers were miniature laboratories the

504
00:13:49,400 --> 00:13:49,410
Landers were miniature laboratories the
 

505
00:13:49,410 --> 00:13:51,050
Landers were miniature laboratories the
goal of the Viking project was the

506
00:13:51,050 --> 00:13:51,060
goal of the Viking project was the
 

507
00:13:51,060 --> 00:13:53,180
goal of the Viking project was the
exploration of Mars and we had had

508
00:13:53,180 --> 00:13:53,190
exploration of Mars and we had had
 

509
00:13:53,190 --> 00:13:55,550
exploration of Mars and we had had
missions that went to Mars before but

510
00:13:55,550 --> 00:13:55,560
missions that went to Mars before but
 

511
00:13:55,560 --> 00:13:57,769
missions that went to Mars before but
the goal of the Viking was to land

512
00:13:57,769 --> 00:13:57,779
the goal of the Viking was to land
 

513
00:13:57,779 --> 00:13:59,780
the goal of the Viking was to land
spacecraft on the surface and actually

514
00:13:59,780 --> 00:13:59,790
spacecraft on the surface and actually
 

515
00:13:59,790 --> 00:14:03,110
spacecraft on the surface and actually
explore in situ what Mars was like it

516
00:14:03,110 --> 00:14:03,120
explore in situ what Mars was like it
 

517
00:14:03,120 --> 00:14:06,130
explore in situ what Mars was like it
was like being on Mars we actually had

518
00:14:06,130 --> 00:14:06,140
was like being on Mars we actually had
 

519
00:14:06,140 --> 00:14:08,810
was like being on Mars we actually had
experiments that one would do if one of

520
00:14:08,810 --> 00:14:08,820
experiments that one would do if one of
 

521
00:14:08,820 --> 00:14:10,490
experiments that one would do if one of
us were lucky enough to be landed on on

522
00:14:10,490 --> 00:14:10,500
us were lucky enough to be landed on on
 

523
00:14:10,500 --> 00:14:12,860
us were lucky enough to be landed on on
the planet and dug up handfuls of Mars

524
00:14:12,860 --> 00:14:12,870
the planet and dug up handfuls of Mars
 

525
00:14:12,870 --> 00:14:14,780
the planet and dug up handfuls of Mars
and had a little laboratory there it was

526
00:14:14,780 --> 00:14:14,790
and had a little laboratory there it was
 

527
00:14:14,790 --> 00:14:16,460
and had a little laboratory there it was
fundamentally with what Viking was all

528
00:14:16,460 --> 00:14:16,470
fundamentally with what Viking was all
 

529
00:14:16,470 --> 00:14:19,310
fundamentally with what Viking was all
about we used two spacecraft to do that

530
00:14:19,310 --> 00:14:19,320
about we used two spacecraft to do that
 

531
00:14:19,320 --> 00:14:20,870
about we used two spacecraft to do that
we had a spacecraft that was a lander

532
00:14:20,870 --> 00:14:20,880
we had a spacecraft that was a lander
 

533
00:14:20,880 --> 00:14:23,630
we had a spacecraft that was a lander
this base craft was in orbit it was kind

534
00:14:23,630 --> 00:14:23,640
this base craft was in orbit it was kind
 

535
00:14:23,640 --> 00:14:25,699
this base craft was in orbit it was kind
of like a mother and a daughter the

536
00:14:25,699 --> 00:14:25,709
of like a mother and a daughter the
 

537
00:14:25,709 --> 00:14:27,110
of like a mother and a daughter the
mother was the one that received the

538
00:14:27,110 --> 00:14:27,120
mother was the one that received the
 

539
00:14:27,120 --> 00:14:28,370
mother was the one that received the
information and did a little

540
00:14:28,370 --> 00:14:28,380
information and did a little
 

541
00:14:28,380 --> 00:14:30,470
information and did a little
investigation on its own and the ladder

542
00:14:30,470 --> 00:14:30,480
investigation on its own and the ladder
 

543
00:14:30,480 --> 00:14:33,650
investigation on its own and the ladder
was primarily used to to do the kinds of

544
00:14:33,650 --> 00:14:33,660
was primarily used to to do the kinds of
 

545
00:14:33,660 --> 00:14:35,150
was primarily used to to do the kinds of
things that if we were having a field

546
00:14:35,150 --> 00:14:35,160
things that if we were having a field
 

547
00:14:35,160 --> 00:14:37,340
things that if we were having a field
trip on Mars we would have sent an

548
00:14:37,340 --> 00:14:37,350
trip on Mars we would have sent an
 

549
00:14:37,350 --> 00:14:39,440
trip on Mars we would have sent an
exploration party up to Mars to do that

550
00:14:39,440 --> 00:14:39,450
exploration party up to Mars to do that
 

551
00:14:39,450 --> 00:14:41,120
exploration party up to Mars to do that
kind of experiment they involved

552
00:14:41,120 --> 00:14:41,130
kind of experiment they involved
 

553
00:14:41,130 --> 00:14:43,250
kind of experiment they involved
meteorology they involve biology they

554
00:14:43,250 --> 00:14:43,260
meteorology they involve biology they
 

555
00:14:43,260 --> 00:14:46,490
meteorology they involve biology they
involve chemistry they involved geology

556
00:14:46,490 --> 00:14:46,500
involve chemistry they involved geology
 

557
00:14:46,500 --> 00:14:49,130
involve chemistry they involved geology
of course the biology was a predominant

558
00:14:49,130 --> 00:14:49,140
of course the biology was a predominant
 

559
00:14:49,140 --> 00:14:51,110
of course the biology was a predominant
predominant question we had because that

560
00:14:51,110 --> 00:14:51,120
predominant question we had because that
 

561
00:14:51,120 --> 00:14:53,120
predominant question we had because that
was a kind of a bell ringer but

562
00:14:53,120 --> 00:14:53,130
was a kind of a bell ringer but
 

563
00:14:53,130 --> 00:14:55,280
was a kind of a bell ringer but
nevertheless did the whole point of the

564
00:14:55,280 --> 00:14:55,290
nevertheless did the whole point of the
 

565
00:14:55,290 --> 00:14:57,920
nevertheless did the whole point of the
Viking was to explore in breadth what

566
00:14:57,920 --> 00:14:57,930
Viking was to explore in breadth what
 

567
00:14:57,930 --> 00:15:00,140
Viking was to explore in breadth what
Mars was was like and how summer how

568
00:15:00,140 --> 00:15:00,150
Mars was was like and how summer how
 

569
00:15:00,150 --> 00:15:03,380
Mars was was like and how summer how
different it is from the earth the

570
00:15:03,380 --> 00:15:03,390
different it is from the earth the
 

571
00:15:03,390 --> 00:15:06,230
different it is from the earth the
Viking spacecraft consisted of two parts

572
00:15:06,230 --> 00:15:06,240
Viking spacecraft consisted of two parts
 

573
00:15:06,240 --> 00:15:08,750
Viking spacecraft consisted of two parts
an orbiter that was placed into orbit

574
00:15:08,750 --> 00:15:08,760
an orbiter that was placed into orbit
 

575
00:15:08,760 --> 00:15:11,180
an orbiter that was placed into orbit
around Mars it carried the daughter ship

576
00:15:11,180 --> 00:15:11,190
around Mars it carried the daughter ship
 

577
00:15:11,190 --> 00:15:13,160
around Mars it carried the daughter ship
that was then allowed to descend to the

578
00:15:13,160 --> 00:15:13,170
that was then allowed to descend to the
 

579
00:15:13,170 --> 00:15:14,630
that was then allowed to descend to the
surface of the planet

580
00:15:14,630 --> 00:15:14,640
surface of the planet
 

581
00:15:14,640 --> 00:15:17,690
surface of the planet
the orbiter consisted of a large

582
00:15:17,690 --> 00:15:17,700
the orbiter consisted of a large
 

583
00:15:17,700 --> 00:15:21,110
the orbiter consisted of a large
spacecraft with very large solar panels

584
00:15:21,110 --> 00:15:21,120
spacecraft with very large solar panels
 

585
00:15:21,120 --> 00:15:23,150
spacecraft with very large solar panels
so that it could absorb the sun's energy

586
00:15:23,150 --> 00:15:23,160
so that it could absorb the sun's energy
 

587
00:15:23,160 --> 00:15:25,760
so that it could absorb the sun's energy
to burn to electrical power and be run

588
00:15:25,760 --> 00:15:25,770
to burn to electrical power and be run
 

589
00:15:25,770 --> 00:15:28,699
to burn to electrical power and be run
the orbiter was placed into elliptical

590
00:15:28,699 --> 00:15:28,709
the orbiter was placed into elliptical
 

591
00:15:28,709 --> 00:15:31,490
the orbiter was placed into elliptical
orbit around Mars the periapsis of the

592
00:15:31,490 --> 00:15:31,500
orbit around Mars the periapsis of the
 

593
00:15:31,500 --> 00:15:33,829
orbit around Mars the periapsis of the
planet this was about 1500 kilometers

594
00:15:33,829 --> 00:15:33,839
planet this was about 1500 kilometers
 

595
00:15:33,839 --> 00:15:36,410
planet this was about 1500 kilometers
the opposite entered orbit was trimming

596
00:15:36,410 --> 00:15:36,420
the opposite entered orbit was trimming
 

597
00:15:36,420 --> 00:15:37,940
the opposite entered orbit was trimming
about 30,000 kilometers

598
00:15:37,940 --> 00:15:37,950
about 30,000 kilometers
 

599
00:15:37,950 --> 00:15:40,699
about 30,000 kilometers
imagine this orbital passing over a

600
00:15:40,699 --> 00:15:40,709
imagine this orbital passing over a
 

601
00:15:40,709 --> 00:15:42,829
imagine this orbital passing over a
landing site and it's a distance of

602
00:15:42,829 --> 00:15:42,839
landing site and it's a distance of
 

603
00:15:42,839 --> 00:15:44,960
landing site and it's a distance of
about 15 kilometers trying to take

604
00:15:44,960 --> 00:15:44,970
about 15 kilometers trying to take
 

605
00:15:44,970 --> 00:15:47,480
about 15 kilometers trying to take
pictures of a landing site that we know

606
00:15:47,480 --> 00:15:47,490
pictures of a landing site that we know
 

607
00:15:47,490 --> 00:15:49,430
pictures of a landing site that we know
later going to be going to be used for

608
00:15:49,430 --> 00:15:49,440
later going to be going to be used for
 

609
00:15:49,440 --> 00:15:52,460
later going to be going to be used for
the daughter ship the lander which was

610
00:15:52,460 --> 00:15:52,470
the daughter ship the lander which was
 

611
00:15:52,470 --> 00:15:54,080
the daughter ship the lander which was
folded up like a Chris

612
00:15:54,080 --> 00:15:54,090
folded up like a Chris
 

613
00:15:54,090 --> 00:15:57,170
folded up like a Chris
of a butterfly would be later landed by

614
00:15:57,170 --> 00:15:57,180
of a butterfly would be later landed by
 

615
00:15:57,180 --> 00:15:59,930
of a butterfly would be later landed by
descending to the surface the descent of

616
00:15:59,930 --> 00:15:59,940
descending to the surface the descent of
 

617
00:15:59,940 --> 00:16:01,730
descending to the surface the descent of
the surface was tricky because the Mars

618
00:16:01,730 --> 00:16:01,740
the surface was tricky because the Mars
 

619
00:16:01,740 --> 00:16:04,490
the surface was tricky because the Mars
atmosphere was just thin enough to bring

620
00:16:04,490 --> 00:16:04,500
atmosphere was just thin enough to bring
 

621
00:16:04,500 --> 00:16:06,770
atmosphere was just thin enough to bring
up the not sick enough to to slow you

622
00:16:06,770 --> 00:16:06,780
up the not sick enough to to slow you
 

623
00:16:06,780 --> 00:16:08,930
up the not sick enough to to slow you
down and so there was this unique

624
00:16:08,930 --> 00:16:08,940
down and so there was this unique
 

625
00:16:08,940 --> 00:16:11,510
down and so there was this unique
problem of a landing system that wasn't

626
00:16:11,510 --> 00:16:11,520
problem of a landing system that wasn't
 

627
00:16:11,520 --> 00:16:15,710
problem of a landing system that wasn't
just a parachute in fact we had three

628
00:16:15,710 --> 00:16:15,720
just a parachute in fact we had three
 

629
00:16:15,720 --> 00:16:19,190
just a parachute in fact we had three
braking systems online or once down into

630
00:16:19,190 --> 00:16:19,200
braking systems online or once down into
 

631
00:16:19,200 --> 00:16:21,860
braking systems online or once down into
the Mars atmosphere a person is this was

632
00:16:21,860 --> 00:16:21,870
the Mars atmosphere a person is this was
 

633
00:16:21,870 --> 00:16:23,390
the Mars atmosphere a person is this was
no ordinary parachute this was a

634
00:16:23,390 --> 00:16:23,400
no ordinary parachute this was a
 

635
00:16:23,400 --> 00:16:25,700
no ordinary parachute this was a
parachute the head there slowed the

636
00:16:25,700 --> 00:16:25,710
parachute the head there slowed the
 

637
00:16:25,710 --> 00:16:28,760
parachute the head there slowed the
spacecraft down at Mach and about box

638
00:16:28,760 --> 00:16:28,770
spacecraft down at Mach and about box
 

639
00:16:28,770 --> 00:16:31,670
spacecraft down at Mach and about box
for parachute got us down to within

640
00:16:31,670 --> 00:16:31,680
for parachute got us down to within
 

641
00:16:31,680 --> 00:16:34,490
for parachute got us down to within
about a hundred kilometers and then a

642
00:16:34,490 --> 00:16:34,500
about a hundred kilometers and then a
 

643
00:16:34,500 --> 00:16:37,310
about a hundred kilometers and then a
retro rocket system was used retro

644
00:16:37,310 --> 00:16:37,320
retro rocket system was used retro
 

645
00:16:37,320 --> 00:16:39,560
retro rocket system was used retro
rockets were firing the Rockets down

646
00:16:39,560 --> 00:16:39,570
rockets were firing the Rockets down
 

647
00:16:39,570 --> 00:16:42,080
rockets were firing the Rockets down
against the mild surface to slowly slow

648
00:16:42,080 --> 00:16:42,090
against the mild surface to slowly slow
 

649
00:16:42,090 --> 00:16:44,570
against the mild surface to slowly slow
the spacecraft found in combination with

650
00:16:44,570 --> 00:16:44,580
the spacecraft found in combination with
 

651
00:16:44,580 --> 00:16:46,640
the spacecraft found in combination with
the radar data tell us how far we

652
00:16:46,640 --> 00:16:46,650
the radar data tell us how far we
 

653
00:16:46,650 --> 00:16:49,280
the radar data tell us how far we
working surface and allow the spacecraft

654
00:16:49,280 --> 00:16:49,290
working surface and allow the spacecraft
 

655
00:16:49,290 --> 00:16:51,710
working surface and allow the spacecraft
to descend to the surface the very last

656
00:16:51,710 --> 00:16:51,720
to descend to the surface the very last
 

657
00:16:51,720 --> 00:16:53,270
to descend to the surface the very last
moments that be like jumping off the

658
00:16:53,270 --> 00:16:53,280
moments that be like jumping off the
 

659
00:16:53,280 --> 00:16:55,790
moments that be like jumping off the
small table to eat settled on up to the

660
00:16:55,790 --> 00:16:55,800
small table to eat settled on up to the
 

661
00:16:55,800 --> 00:16:57,710
small table to eat settled on up to the
Mars atmosphere and protect those

662
00:16:57,710 --> 00:16:57,720
Mars atmosphere and protect those
 

663
00:16:57,720 --> 00:16:59,960
Mars atmosphere and protect those
valuable scientific instruments from

664
00:16:59,960 --> 00:16:59,970
valuable scientific instruments from
 

665
00:16:59,970 --> 00:17:03,570
valuable scientific instruments from
from our crash

666
00:17:03,570 --> 00:17:03,580

 

667
00:17:03,580 --> 00:17:06,070

the first Lander was originally

668
00:17:06,070 --> 00:17:06,080
the first Lander was originally
 

669
00:17:06,080 --> 00:17:08,140
the first Lander was originally
scheduled to set down on the surface on

670
00:17:08,140 --> 00:17:08,150
scheduled to set down on the surface on
 

671
00:17:08,150 --> 00:17:11,620
scheduled to set down on the surface on
July 4th 1976 in honor of America's

672
00:17:11,620 --> 00:17:11,630
July 4th 1976 in honor of America's
 

673
00:17:11,630 --> 00:17:15,070
July 4th 1976 in honor of America's
Bicentennial however when the spacecraft

674
00:17:15,070 --> 00:17:15,080
Bicentennial however when the spacecraft
 

675
00:17:15,080 --> 00:17:17,470
Bicentennial however when the spacecraft
reached Mars and began imaging the

676
00:17:17,470 --> 00:17:17,480
reached Mars and began imaging the
 

677
00:17:17,480 --> 00:17:19,990
reached Mars and began imaging the
proposed landing sites the scientists

678
00:17:19,990 --> 00:17:20,000
proposed landing sites the scientists
 

679
00:17:20,000 --> 00:17:22,210
proposed landing sites the scientists
saw a younger and more dynamic planet

680
00:17:22,210 --> 00:17:22,220
saw a younger and more dynamic planet
 

681
00:17:22,220 --> 00:17:25,360
saw a younger and more dynamic planet
than they had expected after two weeks

682
00:17:25,360 --> 00:17:25,370
than they had expected after two weeks
 

683
00:17:25,370 --> 00:17:27,460
than they had expected after two weeks
of studying the images returned from

684
00:17:27,460 --> 00:17:27,470
of studying the images returned from
 

685
00:17:27,470 --> 00:17:30,130
of studying the images returned from
Mars a new landing site was selected and

686
00:17:30,130 --> 00:17:30,140
Mars a new landing site was selected and
 

687
00:17:30,140 --> 00:17:32,470
Mars a new landing site was selected and
the Viking one lander set down on the

688
00:17:32,470 --> 00:17:32,480
the Viking one lander set down on the
 

689
00:17:32,480 --> 00:17:37,240
the Viking one lander set down on the
cry see plenty show on July 20 1976 the

690
00:17:37,240 --> 00:17:37,250
cry see plenty show on July 20 1976 the
 

691
00:17:37,250 --> 00:17:39,760
cry see plenty show on July 20 1976 the
Viking two Landers safely soft landed on

692
00:17:39,760 --> 00:17:39,770
Viking two Landers safely soft landed on
 

693
00:17:39,770 --> 00:17:42,690
Viking two Landers safely soft landed on
the Utopia Planitia on September 3rd

694
00:17:42,690 --> 00:17:42,700
the Utopia Planitia on September 3rd
 

695
00:17:42,700 --> 00:17:46,840
the Utopia Planitia on September 3rd
1976 the selection of the landing sites

696
00:17:46,840 --> 00:17:46,850
1976 the selection of the landing sites
 

697
00:17:46,850 --> 00:17:48,910
1976 the selection of the landing sites
was one of the more controversial issues

698
00:17:48,910 --> 00:17:48,920
was one of the more controversial issues
 

699
00:17:48,920 --> 00:17:51,580
was one of the more controversial issues
of the Viking missions the biologists

700
00:17:51,580 --> 00:17:51,590
of the Viking missions the biologists
 

701
00:17:51,590 --> 00:17:53,170
of the Viking missions the biologists
wanted an area that would be the most

702
00:17:53,170 --> 00:17:53,180
wanted an area that would be the most
 

703
00:17:53,180 --> 00:17:55,780
wanted an area that would be the most
hospitable to life and the landing team

704
00:17:55,780 --> 00:17:55,790
hospitable to life and the landing team
 

705
00:17:55,790 --> 00:17:58,120
hospitable to life and the landing team
wanted the site was conducive to a safe

706
00:17:58,120 --> 00:17:58,130
wanted the site was conducive to a safe
 

707
00:17:58,130 --> 00:18:00,580
wanted the site was conducive to a safe
landing as soon as the lander was down

708
00:18:00,580 --> 00:18:00,590
landing as soon as the lander was down
 

709
00:18:00,590 --> 00:18:03,070
landing as soon as the lander was down
onto the surface there were two things

710
00:18:03,070 --> 00:18:03,080
onto the surface there were two things
 

711
00:18:03,080 --> 00:18:04,870
onto the surface there were two things
done one the well-being of the

712
00:18:04,870 --> 00:18:04,880
done one the well-being of the
 

713
00:18:04,880 --> 00:18:07,150
done one the well-being of the
spacecraft think about you're trying to

714
00:18:07,150 --> 00:18:07,160
spacecraft think about you're trying to
 

715
00:18:07,160 --> 00:18:09,430
spacecraft think about you're trying to
land some kind of an instrument anywhere

716
00:18:09,430 --> 00:18:09,440
land some kind of an instrument anywhere
 

717
00:18:09,440 --> 00:18:11,170
land some kind of an instrument anywhere
first thing to do is to make sure that

718
00:18:11,170 --> 00:18:11,180
first thing to do is to make sure that
 

719
00:18:11,180 --> 00:18:13,780
first thing to do is to make sure that
the system is working elevates the the

720
00:18:13,780 --> 00:18:13,790
the system is working elevates the the
 

721
00:18:13,790 --> 00:18:15,660
the system is working elevates the the
antenna that talked back to the earth

722
00:18:15,660 --> 00:18:15,670
antenna that talked back to the earth
 

723
00:18:15,670 --> 00:18:17,920
antenna that talked back to the earth
takes measurement temperature

724
00:18:17,920 --> 00:18:17,930
takes measurement temperature
 

725
00:18:17,930 --> 00:18:19,300
takes measurement temperature
measurements to make sure that the

726
00:18:19,300 --> 00:18:19,310
measurements to make sure that the
 

727
00:18:19,310 --> 00:18:21,010
measurements to make sure that the
spacecraft is all right a kind of

728
00:18:21,010 --> 00:18:21,020
spacecraft is all right a kind of
 

729
00:18:21,020 --> 00:18:23,710
spacecraft is all right a kind of
housekeeping maneuver there most of the

730
00:18:23,710 --> 00:18:23,720
housekeeping maneuver there most of the
 

731
00:18:23,720 --> 00:18:25,390
housekeeping maneuver there most of the
most important piece of scientific data

732
00:18:25,390 --> 00:18:25,400
most important piece of scientific data
 

733
00:18:25,400 --> 00:18:27,070
most important piece of scientific data
to come back would be the first picture

734
00:18:27,070 --> 00:18:27,080
to come back would be the first picture
 

735
00:18:27,080 --> 00:18:29,830
to come back would be the first picture
and the very first picture pointed down

736
00:18:29,830 --> 00:18:29,840
and the very first picture pointed down
 

737
00:18:29,840 --> 00:18:33,070
and the very first picture pointed down
to the foot pad to make sure that the

738
00:18:33,070 --> 00:18:33,080
to the foot pad to make sure that the
 

739
00:18:33,080 --> 00:18:35,170
to the foot pad to make sure that the
instruments were stable with the

740
00:18:35,170 --> 00:18:35,180
instruments were stable with the
 

741
00:18:35,180 --> 00:18:37,390
instruments were stable with the
spacecraft was stable and also to see

742
00:18:37,390 --> 00:18:37,400
spacecraft was stable and also to see
 

743
00:18:37,400 --> 00:18:39,670
spacecraft was stable and also to see
what the Martian surface was like I will

744
00:18:39,670 --> 00:18:39,680
what the Martian surface was like I will
 

745
00:18:39,680 --> 00:18:41,590
what the Martian surface was like I will
never forget that first evening when we

746
00:18:41,590 --> 00:18:41,600
never forget that first evening when we
 

747
00:18:41,600 --> 00:18:43,930
never forget that first evening when we
first saw the first pictures coming back

748
00:18:43,930 --> 00:18:43,940
first saw the first pictures coming back
 

749
00:18:43,940 --> 00:18:47,620
first saw the first pictures coming back
did 5-bit line-by-line sweeping across

750
00:18:47,620 --> 00:18:47,630
did 5-bit line-by-line sweeping across
 

751
00:18:47,630 --> 00:18:49,660
did 5-bit line-by-line sweeping across
the Barros surface and seeing for the

752
00:18:49,660 --> 00:18:49,670
the Barros surface and seeing for the
 

753
00:18:49,670 --> 00:18:52,060
the Barros surface and seeing for the
first time that it was a surface that

754
00:18:52,060 --> 00:18:52,070
first time that it was a surface that
 

755
00:18:52,070 --> 00:18:53,770
first time that it was a surface that
was per measure from the young a sense

756
00:18:53,770 --> 00:18:53,780
was per measure from the young a sense
 

757
00:18:53,780 --> 00:18:55,570
was per measure from the young a sense
that looked a little bit like like some

758
00:18:55,570 --> 00:18:55,580
that looked a little bit like like some
 

759
00:18:55,580 --> 00:18:58,060
that looked a little bit like like some
pictures we've seen of the earth and

760
00:18:58,060 --> 00:18:58,070
pictures we've seen of the earth and
 

761
00:18:58,070 --> 00:18:59,320
pictures we've seen of the earth and
that it wasn't like the moon at all

762
00:18:59,320 --> 00:18:59,330
that it wasn't like the moon at all
 

763
00:18:59,330 --> 00:19:01,060
that it wasn't like the moon at all
there were rocks in the surface that

764
00:19:01,060 --> 00:19:01,070
there were rocks in the surface that
 

765
00:19:01,070 --> 00:19:03,820
there were rocks in the surface that
were features to the surface you didn't

766
00:19:03,820 --> 00:19:03,830
were features to the surface you didn't
 

767
00:19:03,830 --> 00:19:05,500
were features to the surface you didn't
get a horizon until the second picture

768
00:19:05,500 --> 00:19:05,510
get a horizon until the second picture
 

769
00:19:05,510 --> 00:19:06,250
get a horizon until the second picture
first

770
00:19:06,250 --> 00:19:06,260
first
 

771
00:19:06,260 --> 00:19:08,560
first
she was just to say it's sort of like

772
00:19:08,560 --> 00:19:08,570
she was just to say it's sort of like
 

773
00:19:08,570 --> 00:19:10,960
she was just to say it's sort of like
looking down at your own foot if you

774
00:19:10,960 --> 00:19:10,970
looking down at your own foot if you
 

775
00:19:10,970 --> 00:19:13,330
looking down at your own foot if you
stepped onto a brand new planet and said

776
00:19:13,330 --> 00:19:13,340
stepped onto a brand new planet and said
 

777
00:19:13,340 --> 00:19:16,600
stepped onto a brand new planet and said
what is it like on this planet in time

778
00:19:16,600 --> 00:19:16,610
what is it like on this planet in time
 

779
00:19:16,610 --> 00:19:18,640
what is it like on this planet in time
the other experiments were successfully

780
00:19:18,640 --> 00:19:18,650
the other experiments were successfully
 

781
00:19:18,650 --> 00:19:21,100
the other experiments were successfully
activated and the results were anxiously

782
00:19:21,100 --> 00:19:21,110
activated and the results were anxiously
 

783
00:19:21,110 --> 00:19:23,920
activated and the results were anxiously
awaited here on earth scientists were

784
00:19:23,920 --> 00:19:23,930
awaited here on earth scientists were
 

785
00:19:23,930 --> 00:19:26,560
awaited here on earth scientists were
elated at this the first opportunity to

786
00:19:26,560 --> 00:19:26,570
elated at this the first opportunity to
 

787
00:19:26,570 --> 00:19:29,010
elated at this the first opportunity to
look for life on another planet in situ

788
00:19:29,010 --> 00:19:29,020
look for life on another planet in situ
 

789
00:19:29,020 --> 00:19:31,600
look for life on another planet in situ
but data from the experiments on the

790
00:19:31,600 --> 00:19:31,610
but data from the experiments on the
 

791
00:19:31,610 --> 00:19:33,900
but data from the experiments on the
surface of Mars was inconclusive

792
00:19:33,900 --> 00:19:33,910
surface of Mars was inconclusive
 

793
00:19:33,910 --> 00:19:37,000
surface of Mars was inconclusive
additionally the meteorology packages

794
00:19:37,000 --> 00:19:37,010
additionally the meteorology packages
 

795
00:19:37,010 --> 00:19:39,520
additionally the meteorology packages
showed Mars to have an extremely cold

796
00:19:39,520 --> 00:19:39,530
showed Mars to have an extremely cold
 

797
00:19:39,530 --> 00:19:41,920
showed Mars to have an extremely cold
and hostile environment to life as we

798
00:19:41,920 --> 00:19:41,930
and hostile environment to life as we
 

799
00:19:41,930 --> 00:19:45,310
and hostile environment to life as we
know it here on earth the three biology

800
00:19:45,310 --> 00:19:45,320
know it here on earth the three biology
 

801
00:19:45,320 --> 00:19:47,050
know it here on earth the three biology
experiments were designed to detect

802
00:19:47,050 --> 00:19:47,060
experiments were designed to detect
 

803
00:19:47,060 --> 00:19:49,600
experiments were designed to detect
activity of microorganisms as we

804
00:19:49,600 --> 00:19:49,610
activity of microorganisms as we
 

805
00:19:49,610 --> 00:19:51,460
activity of microorganisms as we
understand them if there were any

806
00:19:51,460 --> 00:19:51,470
understand them if there were any
 

807
00:19:51,470 --> 00:19:53,620
understand them if there were any
present in the Martian soil that Viking

808
00:19:53,620 --> 00:19:53,630
present in the Martian soil that Viking
 

809
00:19:53,630 --> 00:19:56,440
present in the Martian soil that Viking
gathered for testing these experiment

810
00:19:56,440 --> 00:19:56,450
gathered for testing these experiment
 

811
00:19:56,450 --> 00:19:58,900
gathered for testing these experiment
packages measured a gas exchange with

812
00:19:58,900 --> 00:19:58,910
packages measured a gas exchange with
 

813
00:19:58,910 --> 00:20:00,760
packages measured a gas exchange with
the surface sample for both the

814
00:20:00,760 --> 00:20:00,770
the surface sample for both the
 

815
00:20:00,770 --> 00:20:03,280
the surface sample for both the
incorporation and release of radioactive

816
00:20:03,280 --> 00:20:03,290
incorporation and release of radioactive
 

817
00:20:03,290 --> 00:20:06,940
incorporation and release of radioactive
carbon-14 in one experiment immediately

818
00:20:06,940 --> 00:20:06,950
carbon-14 in one experiment immediately
 

819
00:20:06,950 --> 00:20:09,760
carbon-14 in one experiment immediately
after heating and humidifying a soil

820
00:20:09,760 --> 00:20:09,770
after heating and humidifying a soil
 

821
00:20:09,770 --> 00:20:12,640
after heating and humidifying a soil
sample with a complex nutrient oxygen

822
00:20:12,640 --> 00:20:12,650
sample with a complex nutrient oxygen
 

823
00:20:12,650 --> 00:20:15,880
sample with a complex nutrient oxygen
was detected about 15 times as much

824
00:20:15,880 --> 00:20:15,890
was detected about 15 times as much
 

825
00:20:15,890 --> 00:20:18,100
was detected about 15 times as much
oxygen as is known to be present in the

826
00:20:18,100 --> 00:20:18,110
oxygen as is known to be present in the
 

827
00:20:18,110 --> 00:20:21,190
oxygen as is known to be present in the
Martian atmosphere was released this

828
00:20:21,190 --> 00:20:21,200
Martian atmosphere was released this
 

829
00:20:21,200 --> 00:20:22,840
Martian atmosphere was released this
result is now thought to have been

830
00:20:22,840 --> 00:20:22,850
result is now thought to have been
 

831
00:20:22,850 --> 00:20:25,090
result is now thought to have been
caused by a chemical reaction between

832
00:20:25,090 --> 00:20:25,100
caused by a chemical reaction between
 

833
00:20:25,100 --> 00:20:27,100
caused by a chemical reaction between
the soil sample and the nutrient

834
00:20:27,100 --> 00:20:27,110
the soil sample and the nutrient
 

835
00:20:27,110 --> 00:20:29,530
the soil sample and the nutrient
solution as opposed to an indication of

836
00:20:29,530 --> 00:20:29,540
solution as opposed to an indication of
 

837
00:20:29,540 --> 00:20:32,860
solution as opposed to an indication of
life but at the time and until all the

838
00:20:32,860 --> 00:20:32,870
life but at the time and until all the
 

839
00:20:32,870 --> 00:20:34,600
life but at the time and until all the
data returned had a chance to be where

840
00:20:34,600 --> 00:20:34,610
data returned had a chance to be where
 

841
00:20:34,610 --> 00:20:35,230
data returned had a chance to be where
you

842
00:20:35,230 --> 00:20:35,240
you
 

843
00:20:35,240 --> 00:20:38,470
you
analyzed and reanalyzed no one could say

844
00:20:38,470 --> 00:20:38,480
analyzed and reanalyzed no one could say
 

845
00:20:38,480 --> 00:20:42,700
analyzed and reanalyzed no one could say
for certain what this reaction meant in

846
00:20:42,700 --> 00:20:42,710
for certain what this reaction meant in
 

847
00:20:42,710 --> 00:20:44,260
for certain what this reaction meant in
a third experiment that we kind of

848
00:20:44,260 --> 00:20:44,270
a third experiment that we kind of
 

849
00:20:44,270 --> 00:20:46,029
a third experiment that we kind of
laughingly called the chicken soup

850
00:20:46,029 --> 00:20:46,039
laughingly called the chicken soup
 

851
00:20:46,039 --> 00:20:48,610
laughingly called the chicken soup
experiment we actually tried to grow

852
00:20:48,610 --> 00:20:48,620
experiment we actually tried to grow
 

853
00:20:48,620 --> 00:20:51,630
experiment we actually tried to grow
some organisms we took a mixture of

854
00:20:51,630 --> 00:20:51,640
some organisms we took a mixture of
 

855
00:20:51,640 --> 00:20:54,580
some organisms we took a mixture of
delicious terrestrial ingredients are

856
00:20:54,580 --> 00:20:54,590
delicious terrestrial ingredients are
 

857
00:20:54,590 --> 00:20:56,430
delicious terrestrial ingredients are
all sorts of vitamins and minerals

858
00:20:56,430 --> 00:20:56,440
all sorts of vitamins and minerals
 

859
00:20:56,440 --> 00:20:59,080
all sorts of vitamins and minerals
extracts amino acids and sugars all the

860
00:20:59,080 --> 00:20:59,090
extracts amino acids and sugars all the
 

861
00:20:59,090 --> 00:21:01,090
extracts amino acids and sugars all the
goodies that you would use if you were

862
00:21:01,090 --> 00:21:01,100
goodies that you would use if you were
 

863
00:21:01,100 --> 00:21:03,970
goodies that you would use if you were
going to grow up some organisms and the

864
00:21:03,970 --> 00:21:03,980
going to grow up some organisms and the
 

865
00:21:03,980 --> 00:21:07,000
going to grow up some organisms and the
idea was to inoculate the sample with

866
00:21:07,000 --> 00:21:07,010
idea was to inoculate the sample with
 

867
00:21:07,010 --> 00:21:11,919
idea was to inoculate the sample with
these goodies now in the experiment we

868
00:21:11,919 --> 00:21:11,929
these goodies now in the experiment we
 

869
00:21:11,929 --> 00:21:14,680
these goodies now in the experiment we
had a novel of first stage before we

870
00:21:14,680 --> 00:21:14,690
had a novel of first stage before we
 

871
00:21:14,690 --> 00:21:17,440
had a novel of first stage before we
actually inoculated the sample we wanted

872
00:21:17,440 --> 00:21:17,450
actually inoculated the sample we wanted
 

873
00:21:17,450 --> 00:21:22,990
actually inoculated the sample we wanted
to humidify some terrestrial organisms

874
00:21:22,990 --> 00:21:23,000
to humidify some terrestrial organisms
 

875
00:21:23,000 --> 00:21:26,649
to humidify some terrestrial organisms
that form spores are known to die as a

876
00:21:26,649 --> 00:21:26,659
that form spores are known to die as a
 

877
00:21:26,659 --> 00:21:29,049
that form spores are known to die as a
result of the ingestion of water so the

878
00:21:29,049 --> 00:21:29,059
result of the ingestion of water so the
 

879
00:21:29,059 --> 00:21:32,260
result of the ingestion of water so the
idea is do we do with spore formers on

880
00:21:32,260 --> 00:21:32,270
idea is do we do with spore formers on
 

881
00:21:32,270 --> 00:21:35,110
idea is do we do with spore formers on
the earth we first humidified just

882
00:21:35,110 --> 00:21:35,120
the earth we first humidified just
 

883
00:21:35,120 --> 00:21:38,289
the earth we first humidified just
expose it to water and then finally grow

884
00:21:38,289 --> 00:21:38,299
expose it to water and then finally grow
 

885
00:21:38,299 --> 00:21:43,390
expose it to water and then finally grow
up the offices in the case of that

886
00:21:43,390 --> 00:21:43,400
up the offices in the case of that
 

887
00:21:43,400 --> 00:21:45,330
up the offices in the case of that
experiment we had a great surprise

888
00:21:45,330 --> 00:21:45,340
experiment we had a great surprise
 

889
00:21:45,340 --> 00:21:48,190
experiment we had a great surprise
instead of the first humidification

890
00:21:48,190 --> 00:21:48,200
instead of the first humidification
 

891
00:21:48,200 --> 00:21:50,919
instead of the first humidification
having no result which was what we would

892
00:21:50,919 --> 00:21:50,929
having no result which was what we would
 

893
00:21:50,929 --> 00:21:54,159
having no result which was what we would
see here on earth we saw enormous

894
00:21:54,159 --> 00:21:54,169
see here on earth we saw enormous
 

895
00:21:54,169 --> 00:21:55,810
see here on earth we saw enormous
quantities of oxygen that came out of

896
00:21:55,810 --> 00:21:55,820
quantities of oxygen that came out of
 

897
00:21:55,820 --> 00:21:58,120
quantities of oxygen that came out of
the sample for reasons that at the time

898
00:21:58,120 --> 00:21:58,130
the sample for reasons that at the time
 

899
00:21:58,130 --> 00:22:00,190
the sample for reasons that at the time
were very confusing to us we saw this

900
00:22:00,190 --> 00:22:00,200
were very confusing to us we saw this
 

901
00:22:00,200 --> 00:22:02,799
were very confusing to us we saw this
release of oxygen not at all which we

902
00:22:02,799 --> 00:22:02,809
release of oxygen not at all which we
 

903
00:22:02,809 --> 00:22:05,320
release of oxygen not at all which we
find here on the on the earth finally

904
00:22:05,320 --> 00:22:05,330
find here on the on the earth finally
 

905
00:22:05,330 --> 00:22:07,810
find here on the on the earth finally
after some thought we figured out what

906
00:22:07,810 --> 00:22:07,820
after some thought we figured out what
 

907
00:22:07,820 --> 00:22:10,120
after some thought we figured out what
that oxygen was we finally figured out

908
00:22:10,120 --> 00:22:10,130
that oxygen was we finally figured out
 

909
00:22:10,130 --> 00:22:12,820
that oxygen was we finally figured out
that Mars surface of Mars has some

910
00:22:12,820 --> 00:22:12,830
that Mars surface of Mars has some
 

911
00:22:12,830 --> 00:22:15,490
that Mars surface of Mars has some
peroxide as though there were kind of

912
00:22:15,490 --> 00:22:15,500
peroxide as though there were kind of
 

913
00:22:15,500 --> 00:22:16,960
peroxide as though there were kind of
bleach or something spilled on the

914
00:22:16,960 --> 00:22:16,970
bleach or something spilled on the
 

915
00:22:16,970 --> 00:22:19,779
bleach or something spilled on the
surface these were a little like

916
00:22:19,779 --> 00:22:19,789
surface these were a little like
 

917
00:22:19,789 --> 00:22:21,850
surface these were a little like
hydrogen peroxide although there's no

918
00:22:21,850 --> 00:22:21,860
hydrogen peroxide although there's no
 

919
00:22:21,860 --> 00:22:24,370
hydrogen peroxide although there's no
hydrogen peroxide in ours it's proudly

920
00:22:24,370 --> 00:22:24,380
hydrogen peroxide in ours it's proudly
 

921
00:22:24,380 --> 00:22:27,789
hydrogen peroxide in ours it's proudly
iron peroxide a peroxide is something

922
00:22:27,789 --> 00:22:27,799
iron peroxide a peroxide is something
 

923
00:22:27,799 --> 00:22:30,070
iron peroxide a peroxide is something
that's known to give up oxygen

924
00:22:30,070 --> 00:22:30,080
that's known to give up oxygen
 

925
00:22:30,080 --> 00:22:32,020
that's known to give up oxygen
and when you add water to a peroxide

926
00:22:32,020 --> 00:22:32,030
and when you add water to a peroxide
 

927
00:22:32,030 --> 00:22:34,740
and when you add water to a peroxide
this oxygen is released a kind of

928
00:22:34,740 --> 00:22:34,750
this oxygen is released a kind of
 

929
00:22:34,750 --> 00:22:38,200
this oxygen is released a kind of
self-sterilizing surface in a way we

930
00:22:38,200 --> 00:22:38,210
self-sterilizing surface in a way we
 

931
00:22:38,210 --> 00:22:39,640
self-sterilizing surface in a way we
don't know that that's the fact on Mars

932
00:22:39,640 --> 00:22:39,650
don't know that that's the fact on Mars
 

933
00:22:39,650 --> 00:22:42,130
don't know that that's the fact on Mars
but that's a possibility and in fact it

934
00:22:42,130 --> 00:22:42,140
but that's a possibility and in fact it
 

935
00:22:42,140 --> 00:22:44,110
but that's a possibility and in fact it
explains what happened in the second

936
00:22:44,110 --> 00:22:44,120
explains what happened in the second
 

937
00:22:44,120 --> 00:22:46,900
explains what happened in the second
experiment in the second experiment

938
00:22:46,900 --> 00:22:46,910
experiment in the second experiment
 

939
00:22:46,910 --> 00:22:48,960
experiment in the second experiment
where we had added the growth media

940
00:22:48,960 --> 00:22:48,970
where we had added the growth media
 

941
00:22:48,970 --> 00:22:52,150
where we had added the growth media
probably what happened is the peroxide

942
00:22:52,150 --> 00:22:52,160
probably what happened is the peroxide
 

943
00:22:52,160 --> 00:22:54,910
probably what happened is the peroxide
on Mars reacted with the growth media

944
00:22:54,910 --> 00:22:54,920
on Mars reacted with the growth media
 

945
00:22:54,920 --> 00:22:58,510
on Mars reacted with the growth media
and released some of the carbon dioxide

946
00:22:58,510 --> 00:22:58,520
and released some of the carbon dioxide
 

947
00:22:58,520 --> 00:23:00,550
and released some of the carbon dioxide
as though it were being broken down by

948
00:23:00,550 --> 00:23:00,560
as though it were being broken down by
 

949
00:23:00,560 --> 00:23:03,400
as though it were being broken down by
organisms a kind of chemical reaction so

950
00:23:03,400 --> 00:23:03,410
organisms a kind of chemical reaction so
 

951
00:23:03,410 --> 00:23:06,280
organisms a kind of chemical reaction so
in fact the two experiments blended

952
00:23:06,280 --> 00:23:06,290
in fact the two experiments blended
 

953
00:23:06,290 --> 00:23:08,860
in fact the two experiments blended
together simple results of the third gas

954
00:23:08,860 --> 00:23:08,870
together simple results of the third gas
 

955
00:23:08,870 --> 00:23:11,500
together simple results of the third gas
exchange experiment told us something

956
00:23:11,500 --> 00:23:11,510
exchange experiment told us something
 

957
00:23:11,510 --> 00:23:13,720
exchange experiment told us something
about the answer to the second the label

958
00:23:13,720 --> 00:23:13,730
about the answer to the second the label
 

959
00:23:13,730 --> 00:23:16,780
about the answer to the second the label
release experiment some of the people

960
00:23:16,780 --> 00:23:16,790
release experiment some of the people
 

961
00:23:16,790 --> 00:23:18,430
release experiment some of the people
who have been interested then on life on

962
00:23:18,430 --> 00:23:18,440
who have been interested then on life on
 

963
00:23:18,440 --> 00:23:20,260
who have been interested then on life on
Mars participated in the Viking mission

964
00:23:20,260 --> 00:23:20,270
Mars participated in the Viking mission
 

965
00:23:20,270 --> 00:23:24,780
Mars participated in the Viking mission
in 1975 launched 1976 landing where they

966
00:23:24,780 --> 00:23:24,790
in 1975 launched 1976 landing where they
 

967
00:23:24,790 --> 00:23:28,780
in 1975 launched 1976 landing where they
sifted the very fine surface material

968
00:23:28,780 --> 00:23:28,790
sifted the very fine surface material
 

969
00:23:28,790 --> 00:23:30,580
sifted the very fine surface material
and put it into what was called the

970
00:23:30,580 --> 00:23:30,590
and put it into what was called the
 

971
00:23:30,590 --> 00:23:32,560
and put it into what was called the
Viking biology package and conducted a

972
00:23:32,560 --> 00:23:32,570
Viking biology package and conducted a
 

973
00:23:32,570 --> 00:23:34,120
Viking biology package and conducted a
series of experiments looking for life

974
00:23:34,120 --> 00:23:34,130
series of experiments looking for life
 

975
00:23:34,130 --> 00:23:36,730
series of experiments looking for life
on Mars the results of those experiments

976
00:23:36,730 --> 00:23:36,740
on Mars the results of those experiments
 

977
00:23:36,740 --> 00:23:40,600
on Mars the results of those experiments
were equivocal there were some reactions

978
00:23:40,600 --> 00:23:40,610
were equivocal there were some reactions
 

979
00:23:40,610 --> 00:23:42,070
were equivocal there were some reactions
in the experiments that were consistent

980
00:23:42,070 --> 00:23:42,080
in the experiments that were consistent
 

981
00:23:42,080 --> 00:23:43,750
in the experiments that were consistent
with life some that were inconsistent

982
00:23:43,750 --> 00:23:43,760
with life some that were inconsistent
 

983
00:23:43,760 --> 00:23:47,160
with life some that were inconsistent
with life and generally the tie vote got

984
00:23:47,160 --> 00:23:47,170
with life and generally the tie vote got
 

985
00:23:47,170 --> 00:23:50,640
with life and generally the tie vote got
ascribed to a device called a gasp from

986
00:23:50,640 --> 00:23:50,650
ascribed to a device called a gasp from
 

987
00:23:50,650 --> 00:23:54,520
ascribed to a device called a gasp from
a tog rafi mass spectroscopy device a

988
00:23:54,520 --> 00:23:54,530
a tog rafi mass spectroscopy device a
 

989
00:23:54,530 --> 00:23:59,830
a tog rafi mass spectroscopy device a
the GCMs and the GCMs showed no evidence

990
00:23:59,830 --> 00:23:59,840
the GCMs and the GCMs showed no evidence
 

991
00:23:59,840 --> 00:24:02,440
the GCMs and the GCMs showed no evidence
for organic material in the soil it

992
00:24:02,440 --> 00:24:02,450
for organic material in the soil it
 

993
00:24:02,450 --> 00:24:05,020
for organic material in the soil it
wasn't able to get you know final

994
00:24:05,020 --> 00:24:05,030
wasn't able to get you know final
 

995
00:24:05,030 --> 00:24:07,450
wasn't able to get you know final
evidence that none existed on Mars and

996
00:24:07,450 --> 00:24:07,460
evidence that none existed on Mars and
 

997
00:24:07,460 --> 00:24:09,100
evidence that none existed on Mars and
it was only looking at material taking

998
00:24:09,100 --> 00:24:09,110
it was only looking at material taking
 

999
00:24:09,110 --> 00:24:10,690
it was only looking at material taking
from about the first four inches of the

1000
00:24:10,690 --> 00:24:10,700
from about the first four inches of the
 

1001
00:24:10,700 --> 00:24:13,660
from about the first four inches of the
surface but because there was no organic

1002
00:24:13,660 --> 00:24:13,670
surface but because there was no organic
 

1003
00:24:13,670 --> 00:24:16,300
surface but because there was no organic
material detectable by the GCMs it was

1004
00:24:16,300 --> 00:24:16,310
material detectable by the GCMs it was
 

1005
00:24:16,310 --> 00:24:19,360
material detectable by the GCMs it was
thought that the reactions that were

1006
00:24:19,360 --> 00:24:19,370
thought that the reactions that were
 

1007
00:24:19,370 --> 00:24:21,430
thought that the reactions that were
seen in the Viking biology package were

1008
00:24:21,430 --> 00:24:21,440
seen in the Viking biology package were
 

1009
00:24:21,440 --> 00:24:24,280
seen in the Viking biology package were
inconsistent with life as we know it at

1010
00:24:24,280 --> 00:24:24,290
inconsistent with life as we know it at
 

1011
00:24:24,290 --> 00:24:26,890
inconsistent with life as we know it at
present most scientists and researchers

1012
00:24:26,890 --> 00:24:26,900
present most scientists and researchers
 

1013
00:24:26,900 --> 00:24:29,020
present most scientists and researchers
discount the theory that intelligent

1014
00:24:29,020 --> 00:24:29,030
discount the theory that intelligent
 

1015
00:24:29,030 --> 00:24:31,930
discount the theory that intelligent
life was ever present on Mars there are

1016
00:24:31,930 --> 00:24:31,940
life was ever present on Mars there are
 

1017
00:24:31,940 --> 00:24:33,940
life was ever present on Mars there are
those however who believe that at some

1018
00:24:33,940 --> 00:24:33,950
those however who believe that at some
 

1019
00:24:33,950 --> 00:24:36,160
those however who believe that at some
time in Martian history there was

1020
00:24:36,160 --> 00:24:36,170
time in Martian history there was
 

1021
00:24:36,170 --> 00:24:38,259
time in Martian history there was
intelligent life on the planet

1022
00:24:38,259 --> 00:24:38,269
intelligent life on the planet
 

1023
00:24:38,269 --> 00:24:41,049
intelligent life on the planet
this minority claims that teachers seen

1024
00:24:41,049 --> 00:24:41,059
this minority claims that teachers seen
 

1025
00:24:41,059 --> 00:24:43,509
this minority claims that teachers seen
in certain images returned by the Viking

1026
00:24:43,509 --> 00:24:43,519
in certain images returned by the Viking
 

1027
00:24:43,519 --> 00:24:45,909
in certain images returned by the Viking
orbiters of the Martian surface show

1028
00:24:45,909 --> 00:24:45,919
orbiters of the Martian surface show
 

1029
00:24:45,919 --> 00:24:48,119
orbiters of the Martian surface show
signs of past intelligent life there

1030
00:24:48,119 --> 00:24:48,129
signs of past intelligent life there
 

1031
00:24:48,129 --> 00:24:50,769
signs of past intelligent life there
they feel that some of the features seen

1032
00:24:50,769 --> 00:24:50,779
they feel that some of the features seen
 

1033
00:24:50,779 --> 00:24:53,469
they feel that some of the features seen
in certain images are actually monuments

1034
00:24:53,469 --> 00:24:53,479
in certain images are actually monuments
 

1035
00:24:53,479 --> 00:24:55,839
in certain images are actually monuments
left behind by a past Martian base

1036
00:24:55,839 --> 00:24:55,849
left behind by a past Martian base
 

1037
00:24:55,849 --> 00:24:58,810
left behind by a past Martian base
civilization for us to find and use as a

1038
00:24:58,810 --> 00:24:58,820
civilization for us to find and use as a
 

1039
00:24:58,820 --> 00:25:02,349
civilization for us to find and use as a
beacon a beacon to a home in on to find

1040
00:25:02,349 --> 00:25:02,359
beacon a beacon to a home in on to find
 

1041
00:25:02,359 --> 00:25:03,759
beacon a beacon to a home in on to find
the remnants of this proposed

1042
00:25:03,759 --> 00:25:03,769
the remnants of this proposed
 

1043
00:25:03,769 --> 00:25:07,180
the remnants of this proposed
civilization although not endorsed by

1044
00:25:07,180 --> 00:25:07,190
civilization although not endorsed by
 

1045
00:25:07,190 --> 00:25:10,449
civilization although not endorsed by
NASA Richard Hoagland space author and

1046
00:25:10,449 --> 00:25:10,459
NASA Richard Hoagland space author and
 

1047
00:25:10,459 --> 00:25:12,699
NASA Richard Hoagland space author and
lecturer because of some of the Viking

1048
00:25:12,699 --> 00:25:12,709
lecturer because of some of the Viking
 

1049
00:25:12,709 --> 00:25:14,919
lecturer because of some of the Viking
images suggest a past intelligent

1050
00:25:14,919 --> 00:25:14,929
images suggest a past intelligent
 

1051
00:25:14,929 --> 00:25:17,769
images suggest a past intelligent
civilization on Mars set of photographs

1052
00:25:17,769 --> 00:25:17,779
civilization on Mars set of photographs
 

1053
00:25:17,779 --> 00:25:20,589
civilization on Mars set of photographs
taken on the morning of July 25th 1976

1054
00:25:20,589 --> 00:25:20,599
taken on the morning of July 25th 1976
 

1055
00:25:20,599 --> 00:25:22,299
taken on the morning of July 25th 1976
came in through the various channels

1056
00:25:22,299 --> 00:25:22,309
came in through the various channels
 

1057
00:25:22,309 --> 00:25:25,089
came in through the various channels
back to the computers of JPL and then to

1058
00:25:25,089 --> 00:25:25,099
back to the computers of JPL and then to
 

1059
00:25:25,099 --> 00:25:27,310
back to the computers of JPL and then to
those of us who were gathered at PPL to

1060
00:25:27,310 --> 00:25:27,320
those of us who were gathered at PPL to
 

1061
00:25:27,320 --> 00:25:29,979
those of us who were gathered at PPL to
witness this historic first landing of

1062
00:25:29,979 --> 00:25:29,989
witness this historic first landing of
 

1063
00:25:29,989 --> 00:25:33,009
witness this historic first landing of
spacecraft along another planet and one

1064
00:25:33,009 --> 00:25:33,019
spacecraft along another planet and one
 

1065
00:25:33,019 --> 00:25:35,139
spacecraft along another planet and one
of those photographs showed a mile-long

1066
00:25:35,139 --> 00:25:35,149
of those photographs showed a mile-long
 

1067
00:25:35,149 --> 00:25:37,719
of those photographs showed a mile-long
1500 foot high Mesa in the cydonia

1068
00:25:37,719 --> 00:25:37,729
1500 foot high Mesa in the cydonia
 

1069
00:25:37,729 --> 00:25:40,659
1500 foot high Mesa in the cydonia
region the northern deserts that was

1070
00:25:40,659 --> 00:25:40,669
region the northern deserts that was
 

1071
00:25:40,669 --> 00:25:43,149
region the northern deserts that was
literally out of place it did not belong

1072
00:25:43,149 --> 00:25:43,159
literally out of place it did not belong
 

1073
00:25:43,159 --> 00:25:46,389
literally out of place it did not belong
he had cried out for explanation if only

1074
00:25:46,389 --> 00:25:46,399
he had cried out for explanation if only
 

1075
00:25:46,399 --> 00:25:48,669
he had cried out for explanation if only
for reassurance that it could not be

1076
00:25:48,669 --> 00:25:48,679
for reassurance that it could not be
 

1077
00:25:48,679 --> 00:25:51,609
for reassurance that it could not be
real because the object look like a

1078
00:25:51,609 --> 00:25:51,619
real because the object look like a
 

1079
00:25:51,619 --> 00:25:54,399
real because the object look like a
human face it's highly speculative

1080
00:25:54,399 --> 00:25:54,409
human face it's highly speculative
 

1081
00:25:54,409 --> 00:25:56,829
human face it's highly speculative
there's no question about it there's an

1082
00:25:56,829 --> 00:25:56,839
there's no question about it there's an
 

1083
00:25:56,839 --> 00:26:02,139
there's no question about it there's an
interesting I think that this

1084
00:26:02,139 --> 00:26:02,149
interesting I think that this
 

1085
00:26:02,149 --> 00:26:04,569
interesting I think that this
speculation is all very much interesting

1086
00:26:04,569 --> 00:26:04,579
speculation is all very much interesting
 

1087
00:26:04,579 --> 00:26:07,060
speculation is all very much interesting
to sell newspapers but there's not a lot

1088
00:26:07,060 --> 00:26:07,070
to sell newspapers but there's not a lot
 

1089
00:26:07,070 --> 00:26:09,599
to sell newspapers but there's not a lot
of scientific credibility in it

1090
00:26:09,599 --> 00:26:09,609
of scientific credibility in it
 

1091
00:26:09,609 --> 00:26:11,949
of scientific credibility in it
unfortunately we don't have enough data

1092
00:26:11,949 --> 00:26:11,959
unfortunately we don't have enough data
 

1093
00:26:11,959 --> 00:26:15,129
unfortunately we don't have enough data
to address the question of why this

1094
00:26:15,129 --> 00:26:15,139
to address the question of why this
 

1095
00:26:15,139 --> 00:26:16,899
to address the question of why this
happens to look like a human face but I

1096
00:26:16,899 --> 00:26:16,909
happens to look like a human face but I
 

1097
00:26:16,909 --> 00:26:19,569
happens to look like a human face but I
would suggest it most one of the most

1098
00:26:19,569 --> 00:26:19,579
would suggest it most one of the most
 

1099
00:26:19,579 --> 00:26:21,430
would suggest it most one of the most
adaptive features that humans have is

1100
00:26:21,430 --> 00:26:21,440
adaptive features that humans have is
 

1101
00:26:21,440 --> 00:26:23,949
adaptive features that humans have is
the ability to recognize human faces in

1102
00:26:23,949 --> 00:26:23,959
the ability to recognize human faces in
 

1103
00:26:23,959 --> 00:26:26,560
the ability to recognize human faces in
order to envision that those monuments

1104
00:26:26,560 --> 00:26:26,570
order to envision that those monuments
 

1105
00:26:26,570 --> 00:26:28,569
order to envision that those monuments
were created by a civilization and

1106
00:26:28,569 --> 00:26:28,579
were created by a civilization and
 

1107
00:26:28,579 --> 00:26:29,919
were created by a civilization and
intelligent civilization

1108
00:26:29,919 --> 00:26:29,929
intelligent civilization
 

1109
00:26:29,929 --> 00:26:32,379
intelligent civilization
you really need to extrapolate our

1110
00:26:32,379 --> 00:26:32,389
you really need to extrapolate our
 

1111
00:26:32,389 --> 00:26:34,749
you really need to extrapolate our
knowledge of evolution and biological

1112
00:26:34,749 --> 00:26:34,759
knowledge of evolution and biological
 

1113
00:26:34,759 --> 00:26:37,599
knowledge of evolution and biological
processes enormous ly somehow you have

1114
00:26:37,599 --> 00:26:37,609
processes enormous ly somehow you have
 

1115
00:26:37,609 --> 00:26:40,719
processes enormous ly somehow you have
to envision that life started on Mars

1116
00:26:40,719 --> 00:26:40,729
to envision that life started on Mars
 

1117
00:26:40,729 --> 00:26:43,359
to envision that life started on Mars
and it evolved very rapidly and

1118
00:26:43,359 --> 00:26:43,369
and it evolved very rapidly and
 

1119
00:26:43,369 --> 00:26:46,329
and it evolved very rapidly and
persisted even in the face of adverse

1120
00:26:46,329 --> 00:26:46,339
persisted even in the face of adverse
 

1121
00:26:46,339 --> 00:26:48,279
persisted even in the face of adverse
conditions if the planet got colder and

1122
00:26:48,279 --> 00:26:48,289
conditions if the planet got colder and
 

1123
00:26:48,289 --> 00:26:49,950
conditions if the planet got colder and
drier it would have been

1124
00:26:49,950 --> 00:26:49,960
drier it would have been
 

1125
00:26:49,960 --> 00:26:53,060
drier it would have been
call for life to have continued somehow

1126
00:26:53,060 --> 00:26:53,070
call for life to have continued somehow
 

1127
00:26:53,070 --> 00:26:55,470
call for life to have continued somehow
to imagine a civilization there would

1128
00:26:55,470 --> 00:26:55,480
to imagine a civilization there would
 

1129
00:26:55,480 --> 00:26:57,289
to imagine a civilization there would
have required that it did so the

1130
00:26:57,289 --> 00:26:57,299
have required that it did so the
 

1131
00:26:57,299 --> 00:27:00,870
have required that it did so the
evidence of the monuments and the faces

1132
00:27:00,870 --> 00:27:00,880
evidence of the monuments and the faces
 

1133
00:27:00,880 --> 00:27:02,760
evidence of the monuments and the faces
is very interesting I think they are

1134
00:27:02,760 --> 00:27:02,770
is very interesting I think they are
 

1135
00:27:02,770 --> 00:27:05,220
is very interesting I think they are
interesting geological features some of

1136
00:27:05,220 --> 00:27:05,230
interesting geological features some of
 

1137
00:27:05,230 --> 00:27:07,169
interesting geological features some of
the people who claim that the monuments

1138
00:27:07,169 --> 00:27:07,179
the people who claim that the monuments
 

1139
00:27:07,179 --> 00:27:09,720
the people who claim that the monuments
on Mars and the face on Mars are indeed

1140
00:27:09,720 --> 00:27:09,730
on Mars and the face on Mars are indeed
 

1141
00:27:09,730 --> 00:27:12,299
on Mars and the face on Mars are indeed
artifacts from an extinct civilization

1142
00:27:12,299 --> 00:27:12,309
artifacts from an extinct civilization
 

1143
00:27:12,309 --> 00:27:15,120
artifacts from an extinct civilization
do not claim that intelligent life or

1144
00:27:15,120 --> 00:27:15,130
do not claim that intelligent life or
 

1145
00:27:15,130 --> 00:27:17,100
do not claim that intelligent life or
the life ones that may have constructed

1146
00:27:17,100 --> 00:27:17,110
the life ones that may have constructed
 

1147
00:27:17,110 --> 00:27:19,639
the life ones that may have constructed
these alleged structures evolved on Mars

1148
00:27:19,639 --> 00:27:19,649
these alleged structures evolved on Mars
 

1149
00:27:19,649 --> 00:27:22,500
these alleged structures evolved on Mars
rather they say that the beings may have

1150
00:27:22,500 --> 00:27:22,510
rather they say that the beings may have
 

1151
00:27:22,510 --> 00:27:24,750
rather they say that the beings may have
come from another planet another solar

1152
00:27:24,750 --> 00:27:24,760
come from another planet another solar
 

1153
00:27:24,760 --> 00:27:29,370
come from another planet another solar
system or another galaxy the idea that

1154
00:27:29,370 --> 00:27:29,380
system or another galaxy the idea that
 

1155
00:27:29,380 --> 00:27:31,769
system or another galaxy the idea that
this supposin complex of structures on

1156
00:27:31,769 --> 00:27:31,779
this supposin complex of structures on
 

1157
00:27:31,779 --> 00:27:34,260
this supposin complex of structures on
Mars are a construct stems from their

1158
00:27:34,260 --> 00:27:34,270
Mars are a construct stems from their
 

1159
00:27:34,270 --> 00:27:37,639
Mars are a construct stems from their
geometric alignment we have found

1160
00:27:37,639 --> 00:27:37,649
geometric alignment we have found
 

1161
00:27:37,649 --> 00:27:39,990
geometric alignment we have found
provocative sets of objects and the

1162
00:27:39,990 --> 00:27:40,000
provocative sets of objects and the
 

1163
00:27:40,000 --> 00:27:42,180
provocative sets of objects and the
important thing is sets because of the

1164
00:27:42,180 --> 00:27:42,190
important thing is sets because of the
 

1165
00:27:42,190 --> 00:27:44,279
important thing is sets because of the
resolution we're looking at 15 meters

1166
00:27:44,279 --> 00:27:44,289
resolution we're looking at 15 meters
 

1167
00:27:44,289 --> 00:27:47,389
resolution we're looking at 15 meters
hundred meters you're not going to see

1168
00:27:47,389 --> 00:27:47,399
hundred meters you're not going to see
 

1169
00:27:47,399 --> 00:27:50,010
hundred meters you're not going to see
structures of comparable size to those

1170
00:27:50,010 --> 00:27:50,020
structures of comparable size to those
 

1171
00:27:50,020 --> 00:27:51,960
structures of comparable size to those
on earth you're seeing much larger

1172
00:27:51,960 --> 00:27:51,970
on earth you're seeing much larger
 

1173
00:27:51,970 --> 00:27:54,870
on earth you're seeing much larger
objects and the only indicator that they

1174
00:27:54,870 --> 00:27:54,880
objects and the only indicator that they
 

1175
00:27:54,880 --> 00:27:57,120
objects and the only indicator that they
are made by intelligence is their

1176
00:27:57,120 --> 00:27:57,130
are made by intelligence is their
 

1177
00:27:57,130 --> 00:27:59,399
are made by intelligence is their
relative geometric placement well as

1178
00:27:59,399 --> 00:27:59,409
relative geometric placement well as
 

1179
00:27:59,409 --> 00:28:01,740
relative geometric placement well as
other objects Carl Sagan who had some

1180
00:28:01,740 --> 00:28:01,750
other objects Carl Sagan who had some
 

1181
00:28:01,750 --> 00:28:04,919
other objects Carl Sagan who had some
credentials for for pronouncements in

1182
00:28:04,919 --> 00:28:04,929
credentials for for pronouncements in
 

1183
00:28:04,929 --> 00:28:07,409
credentials for for pronouncements in
this area has said that on earth the

1184
00:28:07,409 --> 00:28:07,419
this area has said that on earth the
 

1185
00:28:07,419 --> 00:28:09,810
this area has said that on earth the
first indicator of intelligent design is

1186
00:28:09,810 --> 00:28:09,820
first indicator of intelligent design is
 

1187
00:28:09,820 --> 00:28:11,789
first indicator of intelligent design is
the geometric regularity of our

1188
00:28:11,789 --> 00:28:11,799
the geometric regularity of our
 

1189
00:28:11,799 --> 00:28:14,220
the geometric regularity of our
constructions taking that rule of thumb

1190
00:28:14,220 --> 00:28:14,230
constructions taking that rule of thumb
 

1191
00:28:14,230 --> 00:28:15,570
constructions taking that rule of thumb
and applying it to another planet like

1192
00:28:15,570 --> 00:28:15,580
and applying it to another planet like
 

1193
00:28:15,580 --> 00:28:18,120
and applying it to another planet like
Mars if we see a set of objects in a

1194
00:28:18,120 --> 00:28:18,130
Mars if we see a set of objects in a
 

1195
00:28:18,130 --> 00:28:20,279
Mars if we see a set of objects in a
very particular geometric configuration

1196
00:28:20,279 --> 00:28:20,289
very particular geometric configuration
 

1197
00:28:20,289 --> 00:28:22,799
very particular geometric configuration
the suspicion is raised just the

1198
00:28:22,799 --> 00:28:22,809
the suspicion is raised just the
 

1199
00:28:22,809 --> 00:28:25,370
the suspicion is raised just the
suspicion maybe we should look closer

1200
00:28:25,370 --> 00:28:25,380
suspicion maybe we should look closer
 

1201
00:28:25,380 --> 00:28:28,200
suspicion maybe we should look closer
unfortunately we only have really good

1202
00:28:28,200 --> 00:28:28,210
unfortunately we only have really good
 

1203
00:28:28,210 --> 00:28:30,360
unfortunately we only have really good
coverage from Cydonia we do not have

1204
00:28:30,360 --> 00:28:30,370
coverage from Cydonia we do not have
 

1205
00:28:30,370 --> 00:28:32,159
coverage from Cydonia we do not have
dual sets of pictures taken to two

1206
00:28:32,159 --> 00:28:32,169
dual sets of pictures taken to two
 

1207
00:28:32,169 --> 00:28:33,840
dual sets of pictures taken to two
different Sun angles like we do with

1208
00:28:33,840 --> 00:28:33,850
different Sun angles like we do with
 

1209
00:28:33,850 --> 00:28:36,539
different Sun angles like we do with
Cydonia in other places both sides do

1210
00:28:36,539 --> 00:28:36,549
Cydonia in other places both sides do
 

1211
00:28:36,549 --> 00:28:39,570
Cydonia in other places both sides do
agree on two points first the face is

1212
00:28:39,570 --> 00:28:39,580
agree on two points first the face is
 

1213
00:28:39,580 --> 00:28:42,360
agree on two points first the face is
indeed a very fascinating image but what

1214
00:28:42,360 --> 00:28:42,370
indeed a very fascinating image but what
 

1215
00:28:42,370 --> 00:28:44,490
indeed a very fascinating image but what
it is or means is still open for

1216
00:28:44,490 --> 00:28:44,500
it is or means is still open for
 

1217
00:28:44,500 --> 00:28:47,669
it is or means is still open for
speculation and second that the Mars

1218
00:28:47,669 --> 00:28:47,679
speculation and second that the Mars
 

1219
00:28:47,679 --> 00:28:50,190
speculation and second that the Mars
Observer spacecraft should definitely be

1220
00:28:50,190 --> 00:28:50,200
Observer spacecraft should definitely be
 

1221
00:28:50,200 --> 00:28:52,799
Observer spacecraft should definitely be
used return higher resolution images and

1222
00:28:52,799 --> 00:28:52,809
used return higher resolution images and
 

1223
00:28:52,809 --> 00:28:54,870
used return higher resolution images and
more complete imaging than anything

1224
00:28:54,870 --> 00:28:54,880
more complete imaging than anything
 

1225
00:28:54,880 --> 00:28:58,169
more complete imaging than anything
Viking sent back the ultimate answer to

1226
00:28:58,169 --> 00:28:58,179
Viking sent back the ultimate answer to
 

1227
00:28:58,179 --> 00:28:59,560
Viking sent back the ultimate answer to
the question of

1228
00:28:59,560 --> 00:28:59,570
the question of
 

1229
00:28:59,570 --> 00:29:02,170
the question of
or these features made by some life-form

1230
00:29:02,170 --> 00:29:02,180
or these features made by some life-form
 

1231
00:29:02,180 --> 00:29:04,720
or these features made by some life-form
were caused by natural processes on the

1232
00:29:04,720 --> 00:29:04,730
were caused by natural processes on the
 

1233
00:29:04,730 --> 00:29:08,200
were caused by natural processes on the
Martian surface awaits us but until a

1234
00:29:08,200 --> 00:29:08,210
Martian surface awaits us but until a
 

1235
00:29:08,210 --> 00:29:10,510
Martian surface awaits us but until a
human sets foot on the surface of Mars

1236
00:29:10,510 --> 00:29:10,520
human sets foot on the surface of Mars
 

1237
00:29:10,520 --> 00:29:13,170
human sets foot on the surface of Mars
and can examine the evidence firsthand

1238
00:29:13,170 --> 00:29:13,180
and can examine the evidence firsthand
 

1239
00:29:13,180 --> 00:29:16,030
and can examine the evidence firsthand
we will have to continue to be satisfied

1240
00:29:16,030 --> 00:29:16,040
we will have to continue to be satisfied
 

1241
00:29:16,040 --> 00:29:19,450
we will have to continue to be satisfied
with robotic exploration